Object recognition apparatus for vehicle and distance measurement apparatus

ABSTRACT

In an object recognition apparatus for a vehicle which uses intensities of reflected waves from reflecting objects to make a recognition on whether a reflecting object is a vehicle or a non-vehicle, a plurality of transmission waves are emitted to receive a plurality of reflected waves from the reflecting objects, and a decision is made as to whether or not the reflecting object producing the plurality of reflected waves is a unitary reflecting object. If the decision shows a unitary reflecting object, the highest intensity of intensities of the reflected waves from the unitary reflecting object is compared with a reference intensity to makes a decision on whether the reflecting object is a vehicle or a non-vehicle. This enables univocally making a decision for each unitary reflecting object as to whether the reflecting object is more likely to be a vehicle or to be a non-vehicle, thus improving the recognition accuracy.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 11/543,864,filed on 6 Oct. 2006 (Now U.S. Pat. No. 7,496,449), which is adivisional application of application Ser. No. 10/725,269, filed on 2Dec. 2003 (Now U.S. Pat. No. 7,136,753).

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1) Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to an object recognition apparatus for avehicle, made to emit (radiate) a plurality of transmission wavesthroughout a predetermined angular range in vertical and horizontal(lateral or width) directions of the vehicle for recognizing areflecting object, such as a preceding vehicle (vehicle ahead), existingin a forward direction of one's vehicle (this vehicle) on the basis ofreflected waves thereof, and to an inter-vehicle control apparatusdesigned to control the distance between oneself and the precedingvehicle recognized, and further to a distance measurement apparatus.

2) Description of the Related Art

So far, as exemplified by Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2002-40139,there has been proposed an object recognition apparatus which emits atransmission wave(s), such as optical wave or millimetric wave, in aforward direction of one's vehicle to detect the reflected wave forrecognizing an object in the forward direction thereof. This type ofapparatus is applicable to, for example, an apparatus made to detect adecrease in spacing from a preceding vehicle or the like and to issue analarm or an apparatus designed to control the speed of oneself forkeeping the inter-vehicle distance with respect to a preceding vehicle,that is, it is utilized for the recognition of a preceding vehicleforming a counterpart of an object of control.

The foregoing object recognition apparatus is designed such that, forexample, through the use of a laser radar sensor, a plurality of laserbeams are radiated in a forward direction of one's vehicle throughout apredetermined angular range in vertical and horizontal directions of theone's vehicle to recognize a vehicle ahead three-dimensionally on thebasis of the reflected light thereof. In this case, if a reflectingobject exists at a height or in a range where normal vehicles do notappear, there is a need to make a decision indicative of a non-vehicle(object other than vehicles). Therefore, the identification on anon-vehicle is made through the use of a non-vehicle decision map forthe decision between a vehicle and a non-vehicle. As shown in FIG. 25,the non-vehicle decision map is a three-dimensional map in which, for adiscrimination between a vehicle and a non-vehicle, light-receptionintensity areas on reflected light are set in a state associated withexistence regions of a reflecting object with vertical, horizontal andforward directions being taken as X axis, Y axis and Z axis,respectively.

A description will be given hereinbelow of a method for making adiscrimination between a vehicle and a non-vehicle through the use ofthis non-vehicle decision map. First, a decision is made as to which ofareas of the non-vehicle decision map the measurement (range) data froma laser radar sensor corresponds to. At this time, if the measurementdata pertains to a non-vehicle range, this measurement data is deleted.On the other hand, if the measurement data is involved in an range otherthan non-vehicle, the measurement data is preserved and is outputted toan inter-vehicle control ECU which takes charge of the implementation ofa decision on a preceding vehicle and inter-vehicle control.

As shown in FIG. 25, the non-vehicle decision map is divided into anarea in the vicinity of the center thereof, an area around the centerarea (area in the vehicle of the center thereof) and a lowermost area inthe X-axis and Y-axis directions, and the correspondence relationshipbetween a position in the Z-axis direction and a light-receptionintensity is set as indicated by (a) to (c) in a state associated witheach of these areas. In the X-axis and Y-axis directions, the area inthe vicinity of the center shows the correspondence relationshipindicated by (b), the area around the center area shows thecorrespondence relationship indicated by (a), and the lowermost areashows the correspondence relationship indicated by (c).

A description will be given hereinbelow of the correspondencerelationship between a position in the Z-axis direction and alight-reception intensity. In the correspondence relationship indicatedby (a) to (b), basically, within a predetermined distance range in theZ-axis direction, a predetermined light-reception intensity range istaken as a non-vehicle area, and the range out of that range is taken asa vehicle area. This is because it is considered that a vehicle differsin reflection intensity from a non-vehicle and the reflection intensityof the vehicle is higher than that of the non-vehicle. Moreover, a moreappropriate discrimination between a vehicle and a non-vehicle can bemade in a manner such that a light-reception intensity for adiscrimination between a vehicle and a non-vehicle is set for eachreflection object existence area. That is, in an area showing a highpossibility of the existence of a vehicle, the measurement data arepreserved even if the light-reception intensity is relatively low and,on the other hand, in an area showing a low possibility of the existenceof a vehicle, the measurement data are deleted except that thelight-reception intensity is relatively high. This enables only themeasurement data on a reflecting object showing a high possibility onthe existence of a vehicle to be outputted to the inter-vehicle controlECU.

As mentioned above, the conventional object recognition apparatus isdesigned to successively emit a plurality of laser beams from a laserradar sensor for, in response to the detection of the reflected lightthereof, making a decision, through the use of a non-vehicle decisionmap, as to whether the light-reception intensity of the reflected lightcorresponds to a vehicle or a non-vehicle.

There is a problem which arises with the decision method of theconventional object recognition apparatus, however, in that there is apossibility of the accuracy of the decision on the vehicle/non-vehiclebeing sufficiently secured. For example, in a case in which mud or thelike sticks to a portion of a vehicle to make it dirty, all thereflected light from the vehicle do not show a high light-receptionintensity. That is, measurement data on reflected light having a lowlight-reception intensity can be included even if the reflecting objectis a vehicle. In this case, if a decision is made that the measurementdata on the reflected light having a low light-reception intensitycorresponds to a non-vehicle and this measurement data is deleted, themeasurement data for the reflecting object to be decided as a vehiclebecomes in short supply, which can make it difficult to recognize avehicle with high accuracy.

Furthermore, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. HEI 11-38141 discloses thescanning on a predetermined two-dimensional area in vertical andhorizontal directions. In the case of the scanning on a predeterminedtwo-dimensional area with the emission of a plurality of laser beams(line emission), if a relative large object such as a preceding vehicleexists in front, this object reflects a plurality of laser beams whichin turn, are detected by a laser radar sensor. When the laser radarsensor detects the plurality of reflected lights, there is a need tomake a discrimination as to whether the reflecting lights are producedby a unitary (same) object or by different objects. That is, in order tocorrectly recognize each object, there is a need to sort out thereflected lights for each object.

For this reason, in a conventional vehicle object recognition apparatus,positions of the reflecting objects in horizontal directions anddistances thereto are calculated on the basis of the reflected light(measurement) data acquired through the line emission, and when thepositions of the reflecting objects and the distances thereto are inclose conditions, they are presumed as a unitary reflecting object toproduce presegment data by unifying them for each emission line.Moreover, the presegment data obtained through the respective lineemissions are compared with each other, and when they stand close inposition in the vertical direction and distance, they are unified toproduce definitive (normal) segment data.

However, in the case of the conventional vehicle object recognitionapparatus, since, on the basis of only the position (position in alateral direction, position in a vertical direction and distance) of areflecting object, a decision is made as to whether or not thereflecting object is a unitary object, the following problems arise.

For example, even in a case in which a plurality of reflected lights aredetected from one preceding vehicle, there is a case in which theintensity of the reflected light from a vehicle body is remote from thesufficiency. Therefore, there is a possibility that the detection of thereflected light from the vehicle body becomes unstable and, in thiscase, the measurement data on the preceding vehicle becomes unstable.

In addition, in the case of a mere decision on a unitary object on thebasis of only the position of the reflecting object, there is a threatof separate objects being taken as a unitary object. For example, in acase in which a stationary thing such as a signboard is at a positionabove a preceding vehicle or at a side thereof, the preceding vehiclecan be recognized as being integrated with the stationary object. Inthis case, there is a possibility that this object is not correctlyrecognized as a preceding vehicle because of being different in sizefrom a vehicle.

Moreover, so far, there has been proposed a measurement method based ona signal intensity (strength) of a reflected wave from an object (forexample, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2002-22827). According to thismeasurement method (decision method), for example, in a case in which apulse wave is emitted to a vehicle existing at a short distance fromone's vehicle, a pulse width (deletion pulse width) of a reflected waveis set on the basis of a signal intensity which will develop when normalreflection occurs and is compared with pulse widths of reflected wavesdetected by the apparatus so that the reflected waves with a pulse widthshorter than the deletion pulse width is unemployed for the distancemeasurement. Thus, if a vehicle is assumed as an object of measurement,the distance measurement is made apart from the detection results on thereflected wave from objects existing at roadsides, or the like, whichshow relatively low signal intensities.

However, the above-mentioned conventional decision method based on thepulse width of the reflected wave creates the following problems. Forexample, in a case in which a reflected wave (L) looking like tworeflected waves (L1 and L2) overlap is detected as shown in FIG. 23, thepulse width (T) of this reflected wave (L) becomes larger than adeletion pulse width (W) and, hence, the distance to the object ismeasured on the basis of the detection result on the reflected wave (L).

Such a reflected wave (L) with a large pulse width, which looks like tworeflected waves overlap, appears, for example, when a pulse wave emittedis reflected from an object of measurement after passing through sprayof water, black smoke or the like and a reflected wave from the objectis detected together with a reflected wave from the spray of water orblack smoke. Assuming that the reflected wave from the object is thereflected wave (L2), it is required that the pulse width of thisreflected wave (L2) and the deletion pulse width (W) be compared inmagnitude with each other to make a decision as to whether or not thereflected wave from the object is to be used for the distancemeasurement.

However, in the case of the conventional decision method, since thedecision as to whether or not the reflected wave is to be used for thedistance measurement is made on the basis of the relationship inmagnitude between the pulse width (T) of the reflected wave (L) and thedeletion pulse width (W), even a reflected wave, which cannot provide asufficient signal intensity, results in having a pulse widthcorresponding to a high signal intensity due to the environmentalinfluence such as the spray of water or black smoke, and the distancecan be calculated on the basis of the resultant reflected wave (L).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a vehicleobject recognition apparatus capable of enhancing the recognitionaccuracy in utilizing the intensity of reflected light from a reflectingobject for recognizing whether the reflecting object is a vehicle or anon-vehicle, an inter-vehicle control apparatus capable of, when thereflecting object is a preceding vehicle, appropriately controlling theinter-vehicle distance to the preceding vehicle through the use of theintensity of the reflected light therefrom, and a distance measurementapparatus capable of making an accurate decision as to whether or not areflected wave detected is to be used for the distance measurement.

For this purpose, an object recognition apparatus for a vehicleaccording to an aspect of the present invention comprises radar meansfor emitting a plurality of transmission waves throughout apredetermined angular range in each of vertical and horizontaldirections of the vehicle to, on the basis of reflected waves thereof,detect distances to reflecting objects, angles in the vertical andhorizontal directions and intensities of the reflected waves, decisionmeans for, when a plurality of reflecting objects satisfy apredetermined unity condition, making a decision that the plurality ofreflecting objects constitute a unitary reflecting object (samereflecting object), selection means for selecting the highest intensityof intensities of reflected waves corresponding to the reflectingobjects decided to be a unitary reflecting object in the decision means,and recognition means for recognizing the reflecting objects on thebasis of the distance and the angles in the vertical and horizontaldirections which are the detection results acquired by the radar meansand for enhancing a probability of a reflecting object being recognizedas a non-vehicle when the highest intensity selected by the selectionmeans is below a predetermined reference intensity.

Thus, in this vehicle object recognition apparatus, when a plurality oftransmission waves are emitted and a plurality of reflected waves arereceived, a decision is first made as to whether or not the reflectingobject causing the plurality of reflected waves is a unitary object. Ifthis decision shows the unitary object, the maximum intensity of theintensities of the reflected waves from the reflecting objectsconstituting the unitary reflecting object is compared with a referenceintensity for a discrimination between a vehicle and a non-vehicle. Thisenables a decision to be univocally made for each unitary reflectingobject as to whether the unitary reflecting object is more likely to bea vehicle or a non-vehicle. Moreover, since the decision is made on thebasis of the maximum reflected wave intensity from the reflectingobjects, for example, even if a portion of a vehicle is made dirty, aprecise judgment becomes feasible.

In this configuration, preferably, the predetermined reference intensityis set at a lower value for a long distance to the reflecting objectthan for a short distance thereto. This is because, even if thereflection intensities of the reflecting objects are equal to eachother, the reflected light intensity lowers as the distance theretobecomes longer.

In addition, preferably, the object recognition apparatus furthercomprises shape calculation means for calculating a shape of thereflecting object on the basis of the distance and the angles in thevertical and horizontal directions detected by the radar means, and therecognition means enhances the probability of the reflecting objectbeing recognized as a non-vehicle when the highest intensity is lowerthan the predetermined reference intensity and the shape of thereflecting object is different from a vehicle shape. Thus, sinceconsideration is paid to the shape of the reflecting object in additionto the intensity of the reflected wave, a decision as to whetherreflecting object is more likely to be a vehicle or a non-vehicle can bemade with higher accuracy.

Still additionally, preferably, in this object recognition apparatus,when the width of the shape of the reflecting object is shorter than thewidth of the vehicle shape, the recognition means recognizes that theshape of the reflecting object is different from the vehicle shape. Thisis because, when the width of the reflection object is smaller than thewidth the vehicle, in most cases the reflecting object is a non-vehiclesuch as tree or grass planted in roadsides, or splash or dust blown upover a road.

Yet additionally, preferably, in this object recognition apparatus, onthe basis of the highest intensity of the reflected wave, therecognition means conducts processing of enhancing the probability ofthe reflecting object being recognized as a non-vehicle when thedistance to the reflecting object is shorter than a predetermined shortdistance. This is because, even if the maximum reflected wave intensityis selected, the intensity of the reflected wave lowers as the distanceto the reflecting object increases, which makes it difficult to make adiscrimination between a vehicle and a non-vehicle.

Furthermore, an inter-vehicle control apparatus according to anotheraspect of the present invention comprises radar means for emitting aplurality of transmission waves throughout a predetermined angular rangein each of vertical and horizontal directions of a vehicle to, on thebasis of reflected waves thereof, detect distances to reflectingobjects, angles in the vertical and horizontal directions andintensities of the reflected waves, decision means for, when a pluralityof reflecting objects satisfy a predetermined unity condition, making adecision that the plurality of reflecting objects constitute a unitaryreflecting object, selection means for selecting the highest intensityof intensities of reflected waves corresponding to the reflectingobjects decided to be a unitary reflecting object in the decision means,recognition means for, on the basis of at least a shape of thereflecting object, recognizing that the reflecting object is a precedingvehicle, calculation means for calculating a relative speed with respectto the preceding vehicle in time series on the basis of a variation ofthe distance to the preceding vehicle and for calculating an averagerelative speed by averaging a plurality of relative speed calculated intime series, inter-vehicle control means for implementing inter-vehiclecontrol on the basis of the distance to the preceding vehicle and theaverage relative speed, and stability decision means for making adecision as to a recognition stability on the preceding vehicle on thebasis of whether or not the highest intensity of the reflected waveselected by the selection means with respect to the preceding vehicleexceeds a predetermined reference intensity, wherein, when the stabilitydecision means makes a decision that the preceding vehicle recognitionstability is high, the calculation means enhances the influence of thelatest relative speed in calculating the average relative speed.

Thus, in this inter-vehicle control apparatus, when the highestintensity of the reflected wave from the reflecting object recognized asa preceding vehicle exceeds a predetermined reference intensity, adecision is made that the recognition stability is high. That is, avehicle has a higher reflection intensity than that of a non-vehicleand, if the highest intensity of the reflected wave detected in fact hasa level obviously distinguishable from the non-vehicle, the precedingvehicle can continuously be recognized in a state distinguished fromother reflecting objects.

Moreover, since the S/N ratio on the reflected wave intensity increasesin the case of a high reflection intensity, the accuracy of themeasurement data such as the distance from the preceding vehicleincreases.

In this case, for controlling the inter-vehicle distance relative to thepreceding vehicle to a target distance, there is a need to calculate arelative speed which is a difference in speed (one's vehiclespeed−preceding vehicle speed) between the one's vehicle and thepreceding vehicle. That is, for approaching the preceding vehicle, thetraveling speed of the one's vehicle is controlled so that the relativespeed takes “plus”, whereas, for lengthening the distance to thepreceding vehicle, the control is implemented so that the relative speedtakes “minus”. Usually, for the calculation of the relative speed, theaverage relative speed is calculated on the basis of a plurality ofrelative speeds calculated in time series in order to eliminate theinfluence of the noise, measurement error and the like. Moreover, theinter-vehicle control is implemented on the basis of this averagerelative speed. However, in the case of the implementation of theinter-vehicle control based on the average relative speed, the shiftingfrom the actual relative speed occurs, which leads to a degradation ofthe response performance in the inter-vehicle control.

Therefore, in this inter-vehicle control apparatus, in a case in whichthe accuracy of the measurement data improves, the average relativespeed is calculated in a state where the degree of the influence of thelatest relative speed is enhanced. This enables the average relativespeed to approach the latest relative speed, thereby improving theresponse performance in the inter-vehicle control.

Still moreover, the calculation means decreases the number of relativespeeds to be used in calculating the average relative speed, whichenhances the influence of the latest relative speed with respect to theaverage relative speed. Yet moreover, in calculating the averagerelative speed, a weighting-averaged relative speed is calculated in astate where the weighting factor for the latest relative speed isincreased. This also can increase the influence of the latest relativespeed with respect to the average relative speed.

Furthermore, preferably, the stability decision means makes a decisionon the recognition stability on the preceding vehicle on the basis ofwhether or not a time variation of the shape of the reflecting objectcorresponding to the preceding vehicle is smaller than a predeterminedreference value. When, in addition to the maximum intensity of thereflected wave from the reflecting object subjected to the unitydecision, the time variation of the shape of the reflecting object istaken into consideration, the decision accuracy on the recognitionstability is improvable. In this connection, concretely, the timevariation of the shape of the reflecting object may be determined on thebasis of whether or not a variation of the width of the reflectingobject falls within a predetermined length or whether or not a variationof the depth of the reflecting object falls within a predeterminedlength.

Still furthermore, preferably, the stability decision means makes adecision on the recognition stability on the preceding vehicle on thebasis of whether or not the position of the preceding vehicle resideswithin a predetermined distance range in a lateral direction withrespect to an extension of the one's vehicle in its traveling (forward)direction. This is because the possibility of the preceding vehiclebeing out of an emission range of the radar means becomes lower as thepreceding vehicle is closer to the extension of the one's vehicle in thetraveling direction and the relative speed can be calculated with thehighest accuracy on the basis of the measurement data.

Yet furthermore, it is also appropriate that the stability decisionmeans makes a decision on the recognition stability on the precedingvehicle on the basis of a period of time for which the preceding vehicleis continuously recognized. In a case in which the duration of theactual vehicle recognition is long, the possibility of stablerecognition becomes high.

In addition, an object recognition apparatus for a vehicle according toa further aspect of the present invention comprises radar means foremitting a plurality of transmission waves throughout a predeterminedangular range in a forward direction of the vehicle to, when each of thetransmission waves are reflected by a reflecting object and thereflected wave is received, output a reception signal (received signal)corresponding to an intensity of the reflected wave, and recognitionmeans for recognizing an object existing in the forward direction of thevehicle on the basis of a result of the transmission/reception by theradar means, wherein the radar means includes distance calculation meansfor calculating a distance to a reflecting object in an emissiondirection of the transmission wave on the basis of a time length fromthe emission of the transmission wave to the reception of the reflectedwave and intensity calculation means for calculating an intensity of thereflected wave on the basis of the reception signal, and the recognitionmeans includes first unification for, when the radar means receives aplurality of reflected waves, unifying reflecting objects producing saidplurality of reflected waves to recognize them as the same reflectingobject in a case in which a difference between distances calculated onthe basis of the plurality of reflected waves in the distancecalculation means is shorter than a predetermined distance, theplurality of reflected waves are produced by transmission waves emittedclose to each other from the radar means, and a difference between theintensities of the plurality of reflected waves calculated by theintensity calculation means is lower than a predetermined value.

A vehicle forming an object of recognition in this object recognitionapparatus has reflectors mounted symmetrically in right and leftdirections on its rear surface, and the reflectors have a reflectionintensity higher than that of a body of the vehicle. Therefore, thereflected waves from the reflectors do not become unstable unlike thereflected waves from the vehicle body portions, and the stable receptionby the radar means becomes feasible.

For stable detection of a vehicle forming an object of recognition, thepresent invention utilizes the intensities of reflected waves. That is,in addition to a condition that the reflecting objects stand close toeach other, a condition that the difference between the intensities ofthe reflected waves falls below a predetermined value is employed as thereflecting object unification conditions for the reflecting objectsrecognized in the form of points.

Thus, if the reflecting objects are recognized as a unitary reflectingobject when the difference between the intensities of the reflectedwaves is below a predetermined value, a portion (for example, a vehiclebody portion) having a low reflection intensity and a portion (forexample, a reflector portion) having a high reflection intensity isdistinguishable. As a result, of the unitary reflecting objects, thecalculation of a distance to the reflecting object or the calculation ofa shape thereof is made with reference to the reflecting object having ahigh intensity of the reflected wave, which enables the correctdetection of the distance to the object, the shape thereof and the like.

In this configuration, preferably, the intensity calculation meansclassifies the reflected waves into a plurality of groups according tointensity of the reflected wave, and when a plurality of reflected wavesare classified as the same group by the intensity calculation means, thefirst unification means makes a decision that the intensity differencetherebetween falls below a predetermined value. This enables easydiscrimination between the intensities of the reflected wave and thedifference therebetween.

Moreover, in the aforesaid configuration, preferably, when the distancecalculated in the distance calculation means falls below a predetermineddistance, the recognition means excludes a reflecting object, which isnot unified with another reflecting object, from an object ofrecognition. The intensity of the reflected wave from an object existingin a range below the predetermined distance tends to increase.Therefore, when an object exists actually, a plurality of reflectedwaves having intensities approximate to each other are to be received bythe radar means. From a different point of view, in a case in which areflecting object causing one reflected wave is not unified with anotherreflecting object, it can be considered that the reflected wave is anoise appearing for some factor. Accordingly, in such a case, it ispreferable that the reflecting object stemming from the reflected waveis excluded from object of recognition.

Still moreover, in the aforesaid configuration, preferably, when theintensity of the reflected wave calculated in the intensity calculationmeans falls below a predetermined level and the number of reflectedobjects to be unified falls below a predetermined number (value), therecognition means excludes the reflecting object from the object ofrecognition. This is because, even in a case in which the intensity ofthe reflected wave is low and the number of reflecting objects to beunited is below a predetermined number (including zero), it can beconsidered that the reflecting objects are noises occurring for somereason.

Yet moreover, in the aforesaid configuration, preferably, the firstunification means prolongs the predetermined distance, which forms thecondition on the difference between the distances calculated on thebasis of a plurality of reflected waves in the distance calculationmeans, as the distance calculated in the distance calculation meansbecomes longer. This is because the intensity of the reflected wavetends to lower as the distance to the reflecting object lengthens andthe correlation exists between a drop of the intensity of the reflectedwave and an accuracy of distance measurement. That is, since thedistance measurement accuracy tends to lower as the distance to thereflecting object lengthens, it is preferable to relax the distancecondition for the unification decision.

In addition, in the aforesaid configuration, preferably, when the numberof transmission waves intervening between two transmission waves fallsbelow a predetermined number, the first unification means makes adecision that the transmission waves are emitted close to each other,and decreases the number of transmission waves as the distancecalculated in the distance calculation means prolongs. Since a pluralityof transmission waves are emitted throughout a predetermined angularrange from the radar means, if an object exists at a short distance fromthe one's vehicle, more transmission waves are reflected from the objectand the interval between the transmission waves at the arrival at theobject is short. Add to it that the interval between the transmissionwaves becomes longer as the distance between the object and the one'svehicle becomes longer. Therefore, if, as mentioned above, the decisionindicative of the transmission waves emitted close to each other is madewhen the number of transmission waves intervening between twotransmission waves falls below a predetermined number, it is preferablethat the number of transmission waves is decreased as the distance tothe object becomes longer.

Still additionally, in the aforesaid object recognition apparatus, theradar means is made to emit a plurality of transmission waves along alateral direction of the vehicle, and the recognition means includessecond unification means for, when there are a plurality of reflectingobjects each undergoing the unification in the first unification meansand each of a distance between the plurality of reflecting objects in alateral direction of the vehicle and a distance therebetween in anemission direction of the transmission waves is shorter than apredetermined unification decision distance, unifying the plurality ofreflecting objects to recognize them as a unitary reflecting object.

Thus, reflecting objects each comprising reflecting objects having thereflected wave intensities approximate to each other are obtained and,when they are considered to be the same object from the positionalrelationship between the reflecting objects, they are recognized as aunitary reflecting object. Accordingly, since the reflected waveintensities have been obtained with respect to the reflecting objectsconstituting the unitary reflecting object, for example, the distance tothe unitary reflecting object can be calculated only the reflectingobjects having reflected wave intensities exceeding a predeterminedlevel, and if the size of the unitary reflecting object is out of anormal range, the reflecting objects having a low reflected waveintensity can be excluded before obtaining the size of the unitaryreflecting object. This enables more precise recognition on an objectsuch as a preceding vehicle.

Preferably, the second unification means sets the unification decisiondistance so that it is prolonged as the distance to the reflectingobject in the emission direction of the transmission wave becomeslonger.

Yet additionally, in the aforesaid object recognition apparatus,preferably, the recognition means includes distance/shape calculationmeans for obtaining a distance to the unitary reflecting objectundergoing the unification in the second unification means and a widthof this unitary reflecting object, and the distance/shape calculationmeans obtains the distance to the unitary reflecting object undergoingthe unification in the second unification means on the basis of adistance to the unitary reflecting object obtained by unifying thereflecting objects having a reflected wave intensity exceeding apredetermined level in the first unification means. The reflected waveshaving an intensity above a predetermined level are stably receivable bythe radar means, and the distance to the unitary reflecting objectobtained by unifying the reflecting objects whose reflected waveintensities exceeds a predetermined level becomes extremely high inmeasurement accuracy. Therefore, when the distance to the unitaryreflecting object is obtained on the basis of the distance to theunitary reflecting object obtained by unifying the reflecting objectswhose reflected wave intensities exceed the predetermined level, thedistance accuracy is improvable.

Preferably, in a case in which the second unification means obtains aunitary reflecting object comprising a plurality of reflecting objects,when the reflected wave intensities of the plurality of reflectingobjects are different from each other and the width of the unitaryreflecting object exceeds a predetermined length, the distance/shapecalculation means excludes the reflecting object having the lowestreflected wave intensity and obtains the width of the unitary reflectingobject. The object of recognition in the object recognition apparatus isa vehicle and, naturally, the possibility that an object having a widthexceeding a width of a vehicle exists in a vehicle existence zone isextremely low. Therefore, in this case, it is presumable that thereflecting objects whose reflected wave intensities are relatively loworiginate from noise and the like.

Moreover, in the aforesaid object recognition apparatus, the radar meansis made to emit transmission waves plural times throughout apredetermined angular range in the horizontal (lateral) direction of thevehicle while changing the emission angle in the vertical direction ofthe vehicle, and each of the first and second unification means performsthe unification of the reflecting objects to obtain unitary reflectingobjects for each transmission wave emission line in the horizontaldirection of the vehicle, and each of the first and second unificationmeans performs the unification of the reflecting objects to obtainunitary reflecting objects for each transmission wave emission line inthe horizontal direction of said vehicle, and the recognition meansfurther includes targeting means for, when the unitary reflectingobjects obtained for each emission line exist at positions closet toeach other and a difference between moving speeds thereof is below apredetermined speed difference, further unifying the unitary reflectingobjects to recognize the further unified unitary reflecting object as atarget.

As mentioned above, when a plurality of transmission wave emission linesare set in the vertical direction of the vehicle, there is a need tomake a decision as to whether or not the unitary reflecting objectsobtained through the emission lines adjacent to each other constitutethe same object. In this case, like the conventional technique, if adecision on the same object is merely made on the basis of only thepositional relationship among the unitary reflecting objects, difficultycan be experienced in recognizing an object such as preceding vehiclewith accuracy. That is, as mentioned above, in a case in which astationary thing such as a signboard is at a position above a precedingvehicle or at a side thereof, the preceding vehicle can be recognized asbeing integrated with the stationary object.

For this reason, only when the difference in moving speed between theunitary reflecting objects each obtained through each emission linefalls below a predetermined speed difference, these unitary reflectingobjects are regarded as the same object and recognized as a unitarytarget. This can avoid the aforesaid problem, i.e., the situation inwhich a moving object and a stationary object are recognized as the sameobject in error.

Still moreover, in this object recognition apparatus, preferably, themoving speed of the unitary reflecting object is calculated as arelative speed in the horizontal direction and a relative speed in thetransmission wave emission direction with respect to one's vehicle, andwhen both the relative speeds of each of a plurality of unitaryreflecting objects falls below a predetermined speed difference, thetargeting means sets the plurality of unitary reflecting objects as aunitary target. Thus, the employment of both the relative speeds in thehorizontal direction of the vehicle and in the transmission waveemission direction enables the moving state of a moving object existingin front of the one's vehicle to be captured correctly. Therefore, notonly with respect to a moving object and a stationary object, but alsowith respect to a moving object and a moving object, it is possible toprevent them from being recognized as the same object in error.

Yet moreover, in this object recognition apparatus, on the basis of adistance to a unitary reflecting object calculated by the distance/shapecalculation means, a width of the unitary reflecting object and arelative speed of the unitary reflecting object, the targeting meanscalculates an estimated area, in which the unitary reflecting objectexists, at each detection time interval of the radar means, and whenanother unitary reflecting object pertains to the interior of theestimated area, the targeting means makes a decision that these unitaryreflecting objects exist at positions close to each other.

Furthermore, in accordance with a further aspect of the presentinvention, there is provided a distance measurement apparatus comprisingoutputting means for emitting a transmission wave to around a vehicle tooutput a reception signal (receive signal) corresponding to an intensityof a reflected wave therefrom, decision means for making a decision asto whether or not an amplitude and a wavelength of the reception signalsatisfy a predetermined relationship, and detection means for detectinga distance to a reflecting object on the basis of the reception signalsatisfying the predetermined relationship as a decision result in thedecision means.

Thus, the distance measurement apparatus according to the presentinvention makes a decision as to whether or not the amplitude andwavelength of the detected reflected wave satisfy the predeterminedrelationship and implements the distance measurement when they satisfythe predetermined relationship. That is, for example, in a case in whichan optical wave is used as the transmission wave and an outputting meansis employed which outputs a reception signal corresponding to anintensity of a reflected wave of the optical wave, the followingrelationship comes into existence. That is, if a strong light isdetected, the amplitude and wavelength of the reception signal show alarge value and, on the other hand, if a weak light is detected, theamplitude and wavelength of the reception signal show a small value.

Accordingly, by extracting the reception signal satisfying apredetermined relationship in amplitude and wavelength, it is possibleto make an accurate decision as to whether or not the reception signalis to be used for the distance measurement.

In this configuration, the decision means includes first amplitudedecision means for making a decision as to whether or not the amplitudeof the reception signal exceeds a predetermined first predeterminedvalue, second amplitude decision means for making a decision as towhether or not the amplitude of the reception signal exceeds a secondpredetermined value smaller than the first predetermined value, and timewidth decision means for making a decision on the relationship inmagnitude between a time width for which the amplitude of the receptionsignal exceeds the second predetermined value and a preset referencetime width, with a decision being made as to whether or not themagnitude of the amplitude of the reception signal decided by the firstand second amplitude decision means and the time width decided by thetime width decision means satisfy a predetermined relationship.

Since each of the amplitude and wavelength of the reception signal has acorrelation with the intensity of a reflected wave as mentioned above,by making a decision as to whether or not the amplitude of the receptionsignal exceeds the first or second predetermined value and by making adecision on the time length (time length) for which it exceeds thesecond predetermined value, a decision can be made as to whether or notthe amplitude and wavelength of the reception signal satisfy apredetermined relationship.

In addition, in this distance measurement apparatus, the reference timewidth is set at a time width for which the amplitude of the receptionsignal exceeds the second predetermined value in a case in which theamplitude of the reception signal exceeds the first predetermined valueand the reception signal is in a normal condition.

For example, the first predetermined value is set on the basis of themagnitude of the amplitude of a reception signal to be normally detectedwhen a transmission wave is reflected by a reflector mounted on a rearportion of a vehicle, and the time width which appears in a case inwhich the amplitude of the reception signal exceeds the firstpredetermined value and for which the amplitude of the reception signalexceeds the second predetermined value is set as the reference timewidth. Therefore, for example, if the reception signal has an amplitudewhich does not reach the first predetermined value but having a timewidth exceeding the reference time width, it can removed as an abnormalsignal to prevent the distance to the reflecting object from beingdetected on the basis of the abnormal reception signal.

Still additionally, in this distance measurement apparatus, the decisionmeans makes a decision indicative of no satisfaction of thepredetermined relationship when the first amplitude decision means makesa decision that the amplitude of the reception signal does not exceedthe first predetermined value and the second amplitude decision meansmakes a decision that the amplitude of the reception signal exceeds thesecond predetermined value and the time width decision means makes adecision that the time width exceeds the reference time width.

Accordingly, this prevents the distance to the reflecting object frombeing detected on the basis of the reflected wave reception signalhaving a long time width apparently due to the environmental influencesuch as spray of water or black smoke.

Yet additionally, in this distance measurement apparatus, in a case inwhich the first amplitude decision means makes a decision that theamplitude of the reception signal exceeds the first predetermined valueand the time width decision means makes a decision that the time widthdoes not reach the reference time width, the decision means replaces thetime width with the reference time width and makes a decision indicativeof the satisfaction of the predetermined relationship.

For example, in a case in which two reflected waves (first reflectedwave and a second reflected wave) are detected in conjunction with onetransmission wave emitted, if the amplitude of the reception signal ofthe first reflected wave first detected exceeds the second predeterminedvalue but not reaching the first predetermined value and the amplitudeof the reception signal of the second reflected wave then detectedexceeds the first predetermined value, it is considered that the timewidth for which it exceeds the second predetermined value is obtainedthrough the use of the reception signal of the first reflected wave anda decision that it exceeds the first predetermined value is made throughthe use of the reception signal of the second reflected wave. In thiscase, because of making a decision on the time width for which itexceeds the second predetermined value through the use of the firstreflected wave, the time width decision means makes a decision that thetime width does not reach the reference time width. Therefore,irrespective of exceeding the first predetermined value, a decision ismade that the reception signal is an abnormal signal having a short timewidth for which it exceeds the second predetermined value.

However, in this case, the second reflected wave has a high receptionintensity, and it is presumable that the second reflected waveoriginates from the normal reflection from a reflector at a rear portionof a vehicle, or the like. Therefore, in a manner such that the timewidth of the first reflected wave for which it exceeds the secondpredetermined value is replaced with the reference time width, thedecision means makes a decision that the magnitude of the amplitude ofthe voltage signal and the time width for which it exceeds the secondpredetermined value satisfy the predetermined relationship. Inconsequence, the distance to the reflecting object can be detected onthe basis of the reception signal from the second reflected wave.

Moreover, in this distance measurement apparatus, the detection meansincludes a first intermediate time correction means for, when a decisionresult in the first amplitude decision means shows that the amplitude ofthe reception signal exceeds the first predetermined value, correctingan intermediate time of the time width for which the amplitude of thereception signal exceeds the first predetermined value so that theintermediate time agrees with a time at which the amplitude of thereception signal reaches a maximum value, and a second intermediate timecorrection means for, when a decision result in the second amplitudedecision means shows that the amplitude of the reception signal exceedsthe second predetermined value and a decision result in the firstamplitude decision means shows that the amplitude of the receptionsignal does not exceed the first predetermined value, correcting anintermediate time of the time width for which the amplitude of thereception signal exceeds the second predetermined value so that theintermediate time agrees with a time at which the amplitude of thereception signal reaches a maximum value, with the distance to thereflecting object being detected by obtaining the time differencebetween the time of the emission of the transmission wave and thecorrected intermediate time.

For example, in the case of the distance measurement apparatus using anoptical wave, a correlation exists between the optical intensity of thereflected wave and the time width for which the amplitude of thereception signal as mentioned above, and the time at which the amplitudeof the reception signal intersects with the second predetermined valuein the fall (trailing) process of the reflected wave tends to more delayas the optical intensity of the reflected wave increases. That is, asthe time width for which the amplitude of the reception signal exceedsthe second predetermined value prolongs, the time at which the amplitudeof the reception signal intersects with the second predetermined valuein the fall process of the reflected wave tends to more delay, so theintermediate time of the time width does not coincide with the time atwhich the reception signal arrives at a peak.

When the distance to a reflecting object is obtained by multiplying thetime difference between the time of the emission of a transmission waveand the time at which the reception signal of the reflected wave reachesa peak by the speed of light, if the central time of the time width doesnot coincide with the time at which the reception signal reaches a peak,the distance corresponding to that delay time is included in the form ofan error.

For this reason, for the detection of the distance to a reflectingobject, the distance corresponding to the delay time is corrected on thebasis of the time width for which the amplitude of the reception signalexceeds the second predetermined value so that the intermediate time ofthis time width agrees with the time at which the reception signalreaches the peak. This enables detecting an accurate distance to thereflecting object on the basis of the corrected intermediate time.

Still moreover, in this configuration, correction quantity changingmeans is further provided to, when the distance to the reflecting objectdetected by the detection means is below a predetermined distance,change the correction quantities in the first intermediate timecorrection means and the second intermediate time correction means.

As mentioned above, for example, in the case of the distance measurementapparatus using an optical wave, the time at which the amplitude of thereception signal intersects with the second predetermined value in thefall processing of the reflected wave tends to more delay as the timewidth for which the amplitude of the reception exceeds the secondpredetermined value becomes longer. However, in a case in which areflected wave from a reflecting object existing at a distance shorterthan the predetermined distance is detected and the time width for whichthe amplitude of the reception signal exceeds the second predeterminedvalue is short, the time difference between the aforesaid intermediatetime of the time width and the voltage signal peak time becomes smallerthan that in the case of a distance exceeding the predetermineddistance. On the other hand, in a case in which the time width for whichthe amplitude of the reception signal exceeds the second predeterminedvalue is long, the time difference between the aforesaid intermediatetime of the time width and the time at which the voltage signal reachesa peak tends to become larger than that in the case of a distanceexceeding the predetermined distance.

Accordingly, in a case in which a reflected wave from a reflectingobject existing at a distance shorter than the predetermined distance isdetected, the correction quantities in the first intermediate timecorrection means and the second intermediate time correction means arechange in accordance with the wavelength (time width for which itexceeds the second predetermined value). This enables making an accuratedetection of the distance to a reflecting object existing at a shortdistance.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Other objects and features of the present invention will become morereadily apparent from the following detailed description of thepreferred embodiments taken in conjunction with the accompanyingdrawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a configuration of an inter-vehiclecontrol apparatus involving an object recognition apparatus for avehicle according to a first embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2A is an illustration of a configuration of a laser radar sensoraccording to the first embodiment;

FIG. 2B is an illustration useful for explaining a distance detectingmethod in the laser radar sensor;

FIG. 2C is an illustration useful for explaining a pulse width of a stoppulse serving an index indicative of a light-reception intensity;

FIG. 3 is a perspective view showing an emission-possible area of thelaser radar sensor;

FIG. 4A is a flow chart showing processing for object recognitionaccording to the first embodiment;

FIG. 4B is a flow chart showing targeting processing to be implementedin the flow chart of FIG. 4A;

FIG. 5 is a flow chart showing processing on object recognitionaccording to a second embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 6 is an illustration useful for explaining presegmentationprocessing and definitive-segmentation processing according to thesecond embodiment;

FIG. 7A is an illustration of measurement data converted into X-Zorthogonal coordinates;

FIG. 7B is an illustration of data presegmentized;

FIG. 8 is an illustration useful for explaining definitive segmentationprocessing;

FIG. 9 is an illustration useful for explaining targeting processing;

FIG. 10 is an illustration useful for explaining unification conditionsin the targeting processing;

FIG. 11 a flow chart showing targeting processing according to thesecond embodiment;

FIG. 12 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a laser radarsensor according to a third embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 13 is a flow chart showing object recognition processing accordingto the third embodiment;

FIG. 14 is a flow chart showing measurement data decision processing,which is for calculating a distance on the basis of a reflected waveexceeding an upper threshold, according to the third embodiment;

FIG. 15 is a flow chart showing measurement data decision processing,which is for calculating a distance on the basis of a reflected waveexceeding a lower threshold, according to the third embodiment;

FIG. 16 is a flow chart showing processing, which is for correcting anabnormal light-reception pulse width, according to the third embodiment;

FIG. 17 is a flow chart showing abnormal data processing according tothe third embodiment;

FIG. 18 is a flow chart showing distance correction processing for ashort distance according to a first modification of the thirdembodiment;

FIG. 19 is an illustration of received waveforms for explainingcorrection processing at the calculation of measurement data accordingto the third embodiment;

FIG. 20 is an illustration of a corresponding relationship between atime width corresponding to a light-reception intensity and a correctiontime according to the third embodiment;

FIGS. 21A to 21D are illustrations of examples of detection of reflectedwaves according to the third embodiment;

FIG. 22 is an illustration of a light-reception pulse width at a shortdistance and a correction time according to a second modification of thethird embodiment;

FIG. 23 is an illustration of detection of one reflected wave lookinglike two reflected waves (L1 and L2) overlap;

FIG. 24A is an illustration of a correction map for each distance value(DT) made on the basis of a light-reception pulse width in an upperthreshold exceeding time period and a correction time; and

FIG. 24B is an illustration of a correction map for each distance value(DT) made on the basis of a light-reception pulse width in a lowerthreshold exceeding time period and a width correction time; and

FIG. 25 is an illustration of a non-vehicle decision map according to aconventional technique.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Embodiments of the present invention will be described hereinbelow withreference to the drawings.

First Embodiment

According to a first embodiment of the present invention, aninter-vehicle control apparatus is equipped with an object recognitionapparatus for a vehicle, and the inter-vehicle control apparatus has afunction to issue an alarm when an obstacle lies in an alarm zone.

FIG. 1 is a system block diagram showing the inter-vehicle controlapparatus. In the illustration, the inter-vehicle control apparatus,generally designated at reference numeral 1, comprises arecognition/inter-vehicle control ECU 3 as a principal unit. Therecognition/inter-vehicle control ECU 3 is composed of a microcomputeracting as a principal component, and is equipped with input/outputinterfaces (I/O) and various types of drive circuits and various typesof detection circuits. This hardware configuration is of a general type,and the description thereof will be omitted for brevity.

The recognition/inter-vehicle control ECU 3 receives various detectionsignals from a laser radar sensor 5, a vehicle speed sensor 7, a brakeswitch 9 and a throttle opening-degree sensor 11, while outputting drivesignals to an alarm sound generator 13, a distance indicator 15, asensor abnormality indicator 17, a brake driver 19, a throttle driver 21and an automatic transmission controller 23. Moreover, to therecognition/inter-vehicle control ECU 3, there are connected an alarmsound volume setting device 24 for setting an alarm sound volume, analarm sensitivity setting device 25 for setting the sensitivity in alarmdecision processing, a cruise control switch 26, a steering sensor 27for detecting an operating degree of a steering wheel (not shown), and ayaw rate sensor 28 for detecting a yaw rate occurring in the vehicle.Still moreover, the recognition/inter-vehicle control ECU 3 is equippedwith a power supply switch 29 and starts predetermined processing inresponse to the turning-on of the power supply switch 29.

As FIG. 2A shows, the laser radar sensor 5 includes, as principalcomponents, a light-emitting unit, a light-receiving unit, a laser radarCPU 70, and other components. The light-emitting unit includes asemiconductor laser diode (which will hereinafter be referred to simplyas a “laser diode”) 75 for emitting a pulse-like laser beam (laserlight) through a light-emitting lens 71, a scanner 72 and a glass plate77. The laser diode 75 is connected through a laser diode drive circuit76 to the laser radar CPU 70 to emit a laser beam (light generation) inaccordance with a drive signal from the laser radar CPU 70. Moreover, inthe scanner 72, a polygon mirror 73 is provided to be rotatable aroundits vertical axis, and when a drive signal from the laser radar CPU 70is inputted thereto through a motor drive unit 74, the polygon mirror 73is rotated by a driving force from a motor (not shown). The rotationalposition of this motor is detected by a motor rotational position sensor78 and is outputted to the laser radar CPU 70.

In this embodiment, the polygon mirror 73 has six mirrors different insurface inclination angle from each other, thereby incontinuouslyoutputting laser beams in a (sweep emission) scanning fashion within apredetermined angular range in each of the vertical and horizontaldirections of the vehicle. Thus, the scanning is conductedtwo-dimensionally with the laser beams, and referring to FIG. 3, adescription will be given of the scanning pattern. FIG. 3 shows laserbeam patterns 92 made when a laser beam is emitted to only right andleft end portions of a measurement area 91, and the laser beam patternsat intermediate positions are omitted from the illustration. Moreover,although in FIG. 3 the laser beam patterns 92 have a generally circularconfiguration, the present invention is not limited to thisconfiguration but, for example, an elliptical configuration, arectangular configuration or the like is also acceptable. Stillmoreover, instead of the laser beam, an electric wave such as amillimetric wave, an ultrasonic wave, or the like are also acceptable.Yet moreover, the present invention is not limited to the scanning, buta method capable of measuring two bearings, other than distances, isalso acceptable.

As FIG. 3 shows, when the Z axis is taken as the center direction of themeasurement area, the laser radar sensor 5 sequentially scans apredetermined area in a X-Y plane perpendicular to the Z axis. In thisembodiment, the Y-axis direction which is a vertical direction is takenas a reference direction and the X-axis direction which is a horizontal(lateral) direction is taken as a scanning direction. The scanning areais such that 0.15 degree×105 points=16 degree (or 0.08 degree×450points=20 degree) in the X-axis direction and 0.7 degree×6 lines=4degree (or 1.4 degree×3 lines=4 degree) in the Y-axis direction.Moreover, the scanning direction is from the left side to the right sidein FIG. 3 in the case of the X-axis direction and is from the upper sideto the lower side in FIG. 3 in the case of the Y-axis direction.Concretely, with respect to the first scanning line at the uppermostposition when viewed in the Y-axis direction, the scanning is conductedat an interval of 0.15° (or 0.08°; 450 laser beams) in the X-axisdirection. This accomplishes the detection corresponding to one scanningline. Subsequently, likewise, with respect to the second scanning lineat the next position when viewed in the Y-axis direction, the scanningis conducted at an interval of 0.15° (or 0.08°; 450 laser beams) in theX-axis direction. The scanning is repeated up to the sixth (third)scanning line in this way. Accordingly, the scanning is successivelyconducted from the upper left side to the lower right side, therebyproviding data corresponding to 105 points×6 lines=630 points (or 450points×3 lines=1350 points).

Through this two-dimensional scanning, scan angles θx, θy indicative ofscanning directions and a measured distance r are obtainable. Withrespect to the two scan angles θx, θy, the angle made between a lineobtained by projecting the laser beam emitted onto a Y-Z plane and the Zaxis is defined as a vertical scan angle θy, and the angle made betweena line obtained by projecting the laser beam onto a X-Z plane and the Zaxis is defined as a horizontal scan angle θx.

Moreover, through this two-dimensional scanning, for each scanning line,the scan angle θx indicative of a scanning direction and a timedifference from the emission of the laser beam to the reception of thereflected light thereof, corresponding to a distance to the reflectingtarget, are obtainable.

The light-receiving unit of the laser radar sensor 5 includes alight-receiving element 83 for receiving, through a light-receiving lens81, the laser light reflected from an object (not shown) and outputtinga voltage corresponding to an intensity thereof. The output voltage ofthis light-receiving element 83 is amplified by an amplifier 85 and thenfed to a comparator 87. The comparator 87 compares the output voltage ofthe amplifier 85 with a reference voltage to output a predeterminedlight-reception signal to a time measurement circuit 89 when the outputvoltage>the reference voltage.

To the time measurement circuit 89, there is also inputted a drivesignal outputted from the laser radar CPU 70 to the laser diode drivecircuit 76. As shown in FIG. 2B, the aforesaid drive signal is taken asa start pulse PA and the aforesaid light-reception signal is taken as astop pulse PB, and the phase difference between the two pulses PA and PB(that is, the difference ΔT between the time T0 at which a laser beam isemitted and the time T1 at which the reflected light is received) isencoded into a binary digital signal. Still moreover, the time for whichthe stop pulse PB exceeds a reference voltage is measured as the pulsewidth of the stop pulse PB. After encoded into binary digital signals,these values are outputted to the laser radar CPU 70. The laser radarCPU 70 calculates a distance r up to an object as a function of the timedifference ΔT between the two pulses PA and PB inputted from the timemeasurement circuit 89 to produce positional data on the basis of thedistance r and the corresponding scan angles θx, θy. That is, with thecenter of the laser radar being set as the origin (0, 0, 0), theconversion into X-Y-Z orthogonal coordinates is made in a state wherethe horizontal (lateral) direction of the vehicle is taken as the Xaxis, the vertical (height) direction thereof is taken as the Y axis andthe forward direction thereof is taken as the Z axis. Moreover, the data(X, Y, Z) on this X-Y-Z orthogonal coordinates conversion and thelight-reception intensity data (corresponding to the pulse width of thestop pulse PB) are outputted as measurement (range) data to therecognition/inter-vehicle control ECU 3.

Moreover, the laser radar CPU 70 outputs the time difference ΔT betweenthe two pulses PA and PB inputted from the time measurement circuit 89,the laser beam scan angle θx and the light-reception intensity data(corresponding to the pulse width of the stop pulse PB) as themeasurement data to the recognition/inter-vehicle control ECU 3.

Referring to FIG. 2C, a description will be given hereinbelow of thelight-reception data. FIG. 2C shows stop pulses of two reflected lightdifferent in light-reception intensity from each other. In FIG. 2C, acurve L1 corresponds to the stop pulse PB of the reflected light havinga relatively high light-reception intensity, while a curve L2corresponds to the stop pulse PB of the reflected light having arelatively low light-reception intensity.

In this illustration, the time at which the curve L1 intersects areference voltage V0 to be inputted to the comparator 87 during theleading (rise) of the curve L1 is taken as t11 and the time at which thecurve L1 intersects the reference voltage V0 during the falling(trailing) of the curve L1 is taken as t12, with the difference betweenthe time t11 and the time t12 being taken as Δt1. Moreover, the time atwhich the curve L2 intersects a reference voltage V0 during the leadingof the curve L2 is taken as t21 and the time at which the curve L2intersects the reference voltage V0 during the falling of the curve L2is taken as t22, with the difference between the time t21 and the timet22 being taken as Δt2. The reference voltage V0 is set at a valuewhereby the influence of noise components is avoidable.

As obvious from FIG. 2C, making a comparison between the time differenceΔt1 forming the pulse width of the stop pulse PB of the reflected lighthaving a high light-reception intensity and the time difference Δt2forming the pulse width of the stop pulse PB of the reflected lighthaving a low light-reception intensity, there arises the relationship ofΔt1>Δt2. That is, the pulse width of the stop pulse PB of the reflectedlight has the association with the light-reception intensity, and whenthe pulse width becomes short when the light-reception intensity is low,while the pulse width becomes long when the light-reception intensity ishigh. Accordingly, the time difference (Δt1, Δt2) forming the pulsewidth serves as an index about the intensity of the received reflectedlight.

In this connection, the light-reception intensity varies the reflectionintensity of the reflecting object and the distance to the reflectingobject. That is, in a case in which the reflection intensity of thereflecting object is high or if the distance to the reflecting object isshort, the light-reception intensity of the reflected light therefromincreases and, if the reflection intensity thereof is low or if thedistance to the reflecting object is long, the light-reception intensityof the reflected light therefrom decreases.

The recognition/inter-vehicle control ECU 3 recognizes an object on thebasis of the measurement data from the laser radar sensor 5 and outputsdrive signals to the brake driver 19, the throttle driver 21 and theautomatic transmission controller 23 according to the situation of apreceding vehicle obtained from the recognized object, therebyimplementing the so-called inter-vehicle control to control the vehiclespeed. Moreover, the alarm decision processing is simultaneouslyconducted which is for issuing an alarm, for example, when therecognized object resides in a predetermined alarm zone for apredetermined period of time. In this case, for example, the object is apreceding vehicle running in front of this vehicle or a vehicle stoppingin front of that vehicle.

Furthermore, referring to FIG. 1, a description will be givenhereinbelow of an internal configuration (control blocks) of therecognition/inter-vehicle control ECU 3. The measurement data outputtedfrom the laser radar sensor 5 is fed to an object recognition block 43.The object recognition block 43 obtains the central position (X, Y, Z)and the size (W, D, H), including a width W, a depth D, and a height(H), of the object on the basis of the three-dimensional positional dataobtained as the measurement data. Moreover, the relative speed (Vx, Vy,Vz) of that object with respect to this vehicle is obtained on the basisof the time variation of the central position (X, Y, Z). Still moreover,the object recognition block 43 makes a discrimination as to whether theobject is a stopping object or a moving object, on the basis of avehicle speed (the speed of one's vehicle), calculated on the basis of adetection value of the vehicle speed sensor 7 and outputted from avehicle speed calculation block 47, and the aforesaid obtained relativespeed (Vx, Vy, Vz). An object, which can exert influence on thetraveling of one's vehicle, is selected on the basis of thediscrimination result and the central position of the object and thedistance up to this vehicle is displayed on the distance indicator 15.

Furthermore, in the object recognition block 43, with the center of thelaser radar sensor 5 being taken as the origin (0, 0), for each scanningline, the time difference ΔT and the scan angle θx obtained as themeasurement data are converted into X-Z orthogonal coordinates in whichthe lateral (horizontal direction) of the vehicle is taken as the X axisand the forward direction of the vehicle is taken as the Z axis. Themeasurement data converted into the X-Z orthogonal coordinates aresubjected to three kinds of unification processing: presegmentation dataprocessing, definitive segmentation data processing and targetingprocessing, which will be described later, and are collected for eachobject existing in front of the vehicle.

The central position (X, Z) and size (W, D) of an object are obtained onthe basis of the measurement data collected for each object. Moreover, arelative speed (Vx, Vy) of the object such as a preceding vehicle withrespect to the position of the one's vehicle is obtained on the basis ofa time variation of the central position X, Z) of the object. Stillmoreover, on the basis of the vehicle speed (one's vehicle speed)outputted from the vehicle speed calculation block 47 on the basis of adetection value from the vehicle speed sensor 7 and the obtainedrelative speed (Vx, Vz), the object recognition block 43 makes adecision as to whether the object is a stopping object or a movingobject. In this connection, (X, D) indicative of the size of the objectare (width, depth), respectively.

In addition, a steering angle calculation block 49 calculates a steeringangle on the basis of a signal from the steering sensor 27, and a yawrate calculation block 51 calculates a yaw rate on the basis of a signalfrom the yaw rate sensor 28. Moreover, a curve radius (radius ofcurvature) calculation block 57 calculates a curve radius (radius ofcurvature) R on the basis of the vehicle speed from the vehicle speedcalculation block 47, the steering angle from the steering anglecalculation block 49 and the yaw rate from the yaw rate calculationblock 51. Still moreover, the object recognition block 43 calculates avehicle shape probability or its own lane probability (one's-laneprobability) on the basis of the curve radius R, the central positioncoordinates (X, Z) and the like. A description about these vehicle shapeprobability and lane probability will be given later. Yet additionally,in a preceding vehicle decision block 53, on the basis of the curveradius R and the central position coordinates (X, Z), the size (W, D) ofthe object and the relative speed (Vx, Vz) obtained in the objectrecognition block 43, a preceding vehicle closest in distance to theone's vehicle is selected to calculate the distance Z from the precedingvehicle and the relative speed thereto.

A model of the object having such data will be referred to as a “targetmodel”. A sensor abnormality detection block 44 detects whether or notthe data obtained in the object recognition block 43 is a value fallingwithin an abnormal range. If it is within the abnormal range, this factis displayed on the sensor abnormality indicator 17.

On the other hand, a preceding vehicle decision block 53 selects apreceding vehicle on the basis of various data obtained from the objectrecognition block 43 and obtains a distance Z to the preceding vehiclein the Z-axis direction and a relative speed Vz thereto. Moreover, onthe basis of the distance Z from the preceding vehicle, the relativespeed Vz thereto, a setting state of the cruise control switch 26, apressing state of the brake switch 9, an opening degree from thethrottle opening degree sensor 11 and a sensitivity set value from thealarm sensitivity setting device 25, an inter-vehicle control/alarmdecision unit 55, in the case of the alarm decision, makes a decision onwhether or not to issue an alarm and, in the case of the cruisedecision, determines the contents of the vehicle speed control. If theresult shows that the alarm is necessary, an alarm issuing signal isoutputted to the alarm sound generator 13. On the other hand, in thecase of the cruise decision, control signals are outputted to theautomatic transmission controller 23, the brake driver 19 and thethrottle driver 21 to carry out the necessary control. Moreover, at theimplementation of these control, a needed display signal is outputted tothe distance indicator 15 to notify the situation to the vehicle driver.

Such inter-vehicle control or alarm decision are premised on the objectrecognition. In more detail, an important factor is to appropriatelycarry out the recognition of the vehicle forming an object ofrecognition. Therefore, a description will be given hereinbelow of theprocessing for the object recognition to be implemented in the objectrecognition block 43 of the recognition/inter-vehicle control ECU 3 forthe appropriate vehicle recognition.

FIG. 4A is a flow chart showing main processing for the objectrecognition.

In FIG. 4A, a step S110 is implemented to read measurement datacorresponding to one scan from the laser radar sensor 5. In the laserradar sensor 5, the scan cycle is, for example, 100 msec, and the datais read at an interval of 100 msec.

In a step S120, data are segmented. As mentioned above, thethree-dimensional positional data acquired as the measurement data aregrouped to form segments. For this segmenting, data satisfying apredetermined connection condition (unity condition) are collected toproduce one presegment data, and of the presegment data, data satisfyinga predetermined connection condition (unity condition) are collected toproduce one definitive segment data. For example, the presegment data isobtained in a manner such that, with respect to data point-recognized,the point sets are unified when satisfying two conditions that thedistance ΔX in the X-axis direction is below (shorter than) 0.2 m andthe distance ΔZ in the Z-axis direction is below 2 m. In thisembodiment, there are six scanning lines in the Y-axis direction and,through the presegmenting, the presegment data are produced for eachline. Subsequently, for definitive segmenting, the presegment data closeto each other in a three-dimensional (X, Y, Z) space are unified(definitive segmenting). Each of the definitive segment data forms arectangular parallelepiped region having three edges in parallel alongthe X axis, the Y axis and the Z axis, and the center coordinates (X, Y,Z) thereof and the lengths (W, H, D) of the three edges representativeof the size are used as the data contents. Incidentally, unlessotherwise specified particularly, the definitive segment (data) will bereferred to simply as “segment (data)”.

In a step S130, targeting processing is conducted to target a vehicle orthe like, forming each object of recognition. The “target” is a model ofan object produced with respect to a group of segments. Referring toFIG. 4B, a description will be given hereinbelow of the targetingprocessing.

In this targeting processing, the corresponding segments of a targetmodel are first retrieved (S131). This is processing to retrieve whichof the segments detected this time the target model obtained previouslyagrees with, and the segment corresponding to the target model isdefined as follows. First, assuming that the target model has moved fromthe position at the implementation of the last processing at therelative speed at the implementation of the last processing, anestimated position at which the target model exists at present iscalculated. Following this, around the estimated position, an estimatedmoving range is set which has a predetermined width (quantity) in eachof the X-axis, Y-axis and Z-axis directions, and the segment at leastpartially included in the estimated moving range is set as thecorresponding segment.

In a step S132, the updating processing on the data on the target modelis conducted. This processing, if there is the corresponding segment,updates the past data on the target model with the present data. Thedata to be updated are the central coordinates (X, Y, Z), the width W,the height H, the depth D, the relative speeds (Vx, Vy, Vz) in theX-axis, Y-axis and Z-axis directions, the four-times central coordinates(X, Y, Z) data taken in the past, the one's-lane probability, and thelike. In this connection, if there is no corresponding segment, the dataupdating on the target model is not made, and a new target model isregistered.

Thereafter, a vehicle shape probability is calculated in a step S133.The “vehicle shape probability” is an index indicative of a probabilityof a target model being a vehicle, and it is calculated on the basis ofrelative acceleration, shape, position, light-reception intensity anddetection time. A detailed description will be given hereinbelow of thisvehicle shape probability.

In a case in which a large number of delineators are installed at ashort interval along a roadside or when a guard rail is detected, thereis a possibility that these stationary objects are recognized as amoving matter in error. This is because, when something is alwaysdetected at the same position, a decision is made that a vehicle runningat the same speed as that of this vehicle exists at that position.Therefore, the vehicle shape probability is calculated in order toprevent an object recognized as a moving object in error from beingjudged as a preceding vehicle in error. In the preceding vehicledecision block 53, if a decision indicative of a roadside matter is madewhen the vehicle shape probability is, for example, below 50%, it ispossible to prevent a repeatedly appearing stationary matter from beingjudged as a preceding vehicle in error.

The range the vehicle shape probability can take is 0 to 100%, and afterthe calculation of a vehicle shape probability instantaneous value foreach target model, for reducing the influence of instantaneous noise anddispersion, the weighted mean is made according to an equation (1).present vehicle shape probability=last value×α+present instantaneousvalue×(1−α)  (1)

In this case, for example, the initial value is set at 50%, and α is setat, for example, 0.8.

For obtaining the instantaneous value of the vehicle shape probability,the certainty on a vehicle is calculated as an adjustment (add/subtract)value with respect to each the relative acceleration, the shape, theposition, the light-reception intensity and the detection time and thecalculated values are summed up.

With respect to the relative acceleration, for example, the add-subtractvalue is set according to the number of times of satisfaction of theequation |αj|>α0+αn/j². For example, if this equation is satisfied withrespect to two or more relative acceleration αj, the adjustment value isset at −50%, and if it is satisfied with respect to one relativeacceleration αj, the add-subtract value is set at −10%. In thisconnection, in the case of non-satisfaction, the addition or subtractionis not carried out. In this equation, αj represents a calculatedrelative acceleration, α0 designates an allowable relative accelerationand αn depicts a value at a noise sampling cycle stemming from ameasurement error. Japanese Patent Laid-open No. HEI 9-178848 disclosesthis equation (step 307 in FIG. 7), and the detailed description thereofwill be omitted for brevity.

In addition, with respect to the shape of a vehicle, when the width Wfalls within a predetermined range (for example, 1.2 m≦W≦2.8 m) and thedepth D is below a first predetermined length (for example, 3 m), theobject is likely to be a vehicle and, hence, the adjustment value is setat +30%. Even in a case in which the width W is out of the aforesaidrange (1.2 m>W, or W>2.8 m), if the depth D is shorter than a secondpredetermined length (for example, 5 m) longer than the firstpredetermined length, the object is a motorbike, a large-sized truck orthe like and, hence, the adjustment value is set at +10%. Moreover, alsoin a case in which the width W falls within a predetermined range (forexample, 1.2 m≦W≦2.8 m) and the depth D is between first and secondpredetermined lengths (for example, 3 m≦D<5 m), the object is a truck orthe like and, hence, the add-subtract value is set at +10%.

On the other hand, in a case in which the depth D is long (for example,D>5) and the width-depth ratio (D/W) is large (for example, 8 or more),the object is an object long in a longitudinal direction, such as aguard rail, and, hence, the adjustment value is set at −50%.

Secondly, a description will be given hereinbelow of the setting ofcertainty on a vehicle on the basis of the position of a target modeland the light-reception intensity of a reflected wave.

Since a rear surface of a vehicle is constructed with a metallic surfaceand is equipped with a reflector and, hence, has a higher reflectionintensity than that of an object (grass, tree, splash, sand/dust, or thelike). For this reason, a discrimination between a vehicle and anon-vehicle can be made on the basis of the light-reception intensity ofa laser beam reflected from an object.

However, in a case in which mud or the like sticks to a rear surface ofa vehicle, all the reflected light from the vehicle do not show a highlight-reception intensity. Therefore, in this embodiment, in order tomake a precise decision on the reflection intensity of each object, thehighest light-reception intensity is extracted from the light-receptionintensities of the measurement data corresponding to a target model ofeach object and the discrimination between a vehicle and a non-vehicleis made on the basis of this highest light-reception intensity.

Concretely, the highest light-reception intensity of the reflected lightfrom objects existing in a range below a first distance (for example, 15m) is compared with a first predetermined intensity. If the highestlight-reception intensity of the reflected light is below the firstpredetermined intensity, since the highest light-reception intensity islow irrespective of a short distance, it is presumable that the objectis an object (non-vehicle), such as grass or tree existing on roadsides,showing a low reflection intensity. Therefore, in this case, theadjustment value is set at −30%. At this time, if it can be confirmedthat the position at which the object exists is in roadsides, it ispossible to more accurately make a decision that the object is grass,tree or the like. Accordingly, it is also appropriate to add a conditionthat the position of the object is separated by a predetermined distance(for example, 1 m) in a lateral direction with respect to the travelingdirection of the one's vehicle. Moreover, it is also appropriate to adda condition that the width W of the object is shorter than apredetermined width (for example, 0.1 m) smaller than the width of avehicle. This is because, in a case in which the width W of thereflecting object is shorter than the width of a vehicle, in most casesthe reflecting object is a non-vehicle, such as tree, grass planted inroadsides, or splash, sand/dust blown up over a road.

With respect to the width W, it is also appropriate that, for example, aplurality of widths are set (for example, 0.1 m and 0.5 m) and the minusvalue of the adjustment value is made smaller as the width increases.That is, when the width W is smaller than 0.1 m, since the possibilityof it being an object other than a vehicle is extremely high, asmentioned above, the adjustment value is set at −30%, and in the case of0.1≦W<0.5, for example, the adjustment value is set at −10%.

Moreover, the highest light-reception intensity of the reflected lightfrom an object existing within a range of a second distance (forexample, 3 m) shorter than the aforesaid first distance (15 m) iscompared with a second predetermined intensity lower than the aforesaidfirst predetermined intensity. If the highest light-reception intensityof the reflected light is lower than the second predetermined intensity,it is presumable that the reflecting object is an object such as splashor sand/dust having an extremely low reflection intensity. Therefore,also in this case, the adjustment value is set at, for example, −10%.Likewise, since it is possible to enhance the accuracy of presumption onthe splash or sand/dust by confirming the size of the reflecting object,it is also appropriate to add a condition that, for example, the width Wis shorter than a predetermined width (for example, 0.5 m).

In this connection, in this embodiment, since the light-receptionintensity of the reflected light is expressed by the pulse width of thestop pulse PB, the first and second predetermined intensities to becompared with the highest light-reception intensity of the reflectedlight are given by pulse width times.

In addition, it is also appropriate to change the above-mentioned firstand second predetermined intensities in accordance with the distance toa reflecting object. That is, the first and second predeterminedintensities can also be made lower as the distance to the reflectingobject, actually detected, becomes longer. This is because, even if thereflecting object reflection intensity is the same, the reflectionintensity lowers with the distance to the reflecting object.

Furthermore, with respect to the detection time, for example, theadjustment value is set at +20% when the detection time exceeds 2seconds, and it is set at +50% when the detection time exceeds 5seconds. In the case of traveling while following a preceding vehicle,the preceding vehicle can be stably detected for a long time. On theother hand, in the case of detecting a group of delineators or a guardrail, the same detection condition does not continue for a long timeand, for this reason, a large number of target models disappear orappear newly. Accordingly, since it can be considered that a targetmodel undergoing the detection for a long time is more likely to be apreceding vehicle, it is preferable that the adjustment value is changedaccording to the detection time.

Referring again to FIG. 4B, a one's-lane probability is calculated in astep S134. The “one's-lane probability” signifies a parameterrepresentative of a certainty of a target model being a vehicletraveling on the same lane as that of the one's vehicle. In thisembodiment, after the calculation of a one's-lane probabilityinstantaneous value (value calculated on the basis of detection data atthat moment), the one's-lane probability is obtained throughpredetermined filter processing.

First, the position of a target model is converted into a position to betaken when traveling on a straight road on the basis of a curve radiuscalculated in the curve radius calculation block 57. The position afterthe conversion into the straight road is put on a one's-lane probabilitymap to obtain an instantaneous value of the one's-lane probability ofthe target model. In this case, the “one's-lane probability map” is amap in which a predetermined range (for example, 5 m in each of rightand left directions and 100 m ahead) in front of one's vehicle isdivided into a plurality of regions and a probability is allocated toeach region so that the probability becomes higher as the distancethereto becomes shorter or it becomes closer to the course of the one'svehicle.

After the calculation of the instantaneous value of the one's-laneprobability, the one's-lane probability is obtained through the filterprocessing, i.e., weighted mean, according to the equation (2).one's-lane probability=last value of one's-laneprobability×α+instantaneous value of one's-lane probability×(1−α)  (2)

In this case, α can be a constant value, or it can also be a valuevarying in accordance with the distance from the target model or aregion in which the target model exists. Incidentally, the method ofcalculating the one's-lane probability is described in detail inJapanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2002-40139 (Paragraph Nos. 0050 to 0056),and the further description thereof will be omitted for simplicity.

Following this, a decision on recognition stability is made in a stepS135. This recognition stability decision processing is for making adecision on recognition stability indicative of the degree of stablerecognition of each target model. The recognition stability is set at aplurality of stages (for example, four stages) on the basis of alight-reception intensity of the reflected light, a time variation ofthe shape of a target model, an existence position and detection time ofthe target model, and a shape range of the target model. With respect toa state having the lowest recognition stability (stability 0), when, ofthe conditions including the aforesaid condition that the relativeacceleration is abnormal and a condition that the detection time doesnot reach a predetermined time (for example, 4 seconds), at least onecondition comes into existence (satisfied), a decision is made that thestability is zero.

With respect to the light-reception intensity of the reflected light,the reference intensity is set at least two stages (first referenceintensity and a second reference intensity), and t is compared with thehighest light-reception intensity of the light-reception intensities ofa plurality of reflected light from a target model. When the highestlight-reception intensity of the reflected light is higher than thefirst reference intensity, a decision is made that one of the decisionsatisfaction conditions on the highest stability 3 is satisfied.Moreover, when the highest light-reception intensity is lower than thefirst reference intensity but higher than second reference intensity, adecision is made that one of the decision satisfaction conditions on thestability 2 is satisfied, and when the highest light-reception intensityis lower than the second reference intensity, a decision is made thatthe stability is 1.

The reason that the magnitude of the highest light-reception intensityis used for the decision on the recognition stability is as follows. Avehicle has a higher reflection intensity than that of a non-vehicle,and if the highest intensity of the reflected light detected actually isthe degree to which it is obviously distinguishable from a non-vehicle,stable recognition can be continued in a state where a target modelinvolving a preceding vehicle is distinguished from a target model basedon another reflecting object. Moreover, in a case in which thelight-reception intensity is high, the S/N ratio on the light-receptionintensity of the reflected wave becomes high, which improves thedetection accuracy of the measurement data in the preceding vehicle suchas a distance to the target model.

Furthermore, with respect to the time variation of the shape of a targetmodel, in a case in which the difference between the last shapecalculation value of a target model and the present shape calculationvalue, which are obtained on the basis of the measurement data detectedat a predetermined internal (100 msec), does not reach a predeterminedlength, a decision is made that one of the decision satisfactionconditions on the stability 3 comes into existence. On the other hand,if it exceeds the predetermined length, a decision is made that thestability is 2 or less. Concretely, the width W and the depth D areemployed as a shape of a target model, and when the difference betweenthe width W calculated the last time and the width W calculated thistime does not reach a predetermined length (for example, 0.5 m) and thedifference between the depth D calculated the last time and the depth Dcalculated this time does not reach a predetermined length (for example,0.5 m), a decision is made that one of the decision satisfactionconditions comes into existence.

The case in which the shapes of target models established on the basisof the measurement data obtained at different timings (different ontime) are substantially the same signifies that a plurality of reflectedlights corresponding to the target models have stably been detected.Therefore, in such a case, a decision can be made that the recognitionstability is high.

Regarding the existence position of a target model, whether or not thetarget model exists in a predetermined distance range in a lateraldirection with respect to the extension in the traveling direction ofthe one's vehicle is employed as a decision satisfaction condition oneach recognition stability. Concretely, two distances (first distance:for example, 1 m in each of right and left direction, second distance:for example, 1.5 m in each of the right and left directions) are set asthe distances to be used for detecting the shift in lateral directionswith respect to the extension in the traveling direction of the one'svehicle. Moreover, in a case in which the target model exists within thefirst distance range, one of the decision satisfaction conditions on thestability 3 comes into existence, and in a case in which it is withinthe second distance range, one of the decision satisfaction conditionson the stability 2 comes into existence, and if it is out of the seconddistance range, a decision is made that the stability 1.

The reason that the existence position of the target model is used forthe recognition stability decision is that the possibility of apreceding vehicle traveling on the same lane as that of the one'svehicle becomes higher as the preceding vehicle is brought closer to theextension in the traveling direction of the one's vehicle and, in thiscase, the possibility of the departure from the emission range of thelaser radar sensor 5 is low and the relative speed Vz can be calculatedwith the highest accuracy on the basis of the measurement data.

Regarding the detection time, a plurality of reference times (firstreference time: for example, 20 seconds, second reference time: forexample, 10 seconds) are set. In a case in which the continuousdetection time on the target model exceeds the first reference time, oneof the decision satisfaction on the stability 3 comes into existence,and in the case of exceeding the second reference time, one of thedecision satisfaction conditions on the stability 2 comes intoexistence, and in the case of not reaching the second reference time, adecision is made that the stability is 1. That is, when the duration ofthe actual detection of the target model is long, it is considered thatthe target model is a preceding vehicle and the possibility of therecognition being made stably is high.

Lastly, with respect to the shape of a target model, when it fallswithin a more vehicle-like shape range, a decision is made that one ofthe decision satisfaction conditions on higher recognition stabilitycomes into existence. For example, in a case in which the width W of atarget model exceeds 1.3 m but below 2.6 m and the depth D of the targetmodel is below 0.5 m, since the possibility that the target modelindicates a rear surface of a vehicle is high, a decision is made thatone of the decision satisfaction conditions on the stability 3 comesinto existence. Moreover, for example, in a case in which the width W ofa target model exceeds 0.5 m but below 2.8 m and the depth D thereof isbelow 1.0 m, a decision is made that one of the decision satisfactionconditions on the stability 2 comes into existence, and if the width Wand depth D thereof are out of these ranges, the decision indicates thestability 1.

The decision indicative of the recognition stability 3 or 2 is made whenall the aforesaid conditions are satisfied, and if there is at least onecondition which does not come into existence, a lower stability isapplied thereto.

However, with respect to the decision on the recognition stability,there is not need to make a decision on all the above-mentionedconditions, and it is possible to use the other conditions additionallywhen needed while utilizing at least the highest light-receptionintensity of a plurality of reflected lights from the target model.moreover, in addition to the above-mentioned conditions, it is alsoappropriate to use, for example, the vehicle shape probability of thetarget model or the distance to the target model. That is, a decisioncan be made that the satisfaction condition on higher stability issatisfied as the vehicle shape probability becomes higher or thedistance thereto becomes shorter.

The recognition stability undergoing the decision in this way is put touse in calculating the relative speed Vz of a target model in thepreceding vehicle decision block 53. A description will be givenhereinbelow of a method of calculating the relative speed Vz whiletaking the recognition stability into consideration in the precedingvehicle decision block 53.

For controlling the inter-vehicle distance with respect to a precedingvehicle to a target (desired) distance, there is a need to calculate arelative speed Vz which is a difference in speed between oneself and apreceding vehicle (one's vehicle speed−preceding vehicle speed). Thatis, to approach the preceding vehicle, the traveling speed of the one'svehicle is controlled so that the relative speed Vz goes toward the“plus” direction. On the other hand, for prolonging the distancerelative to the preceding vehicle, it is controlled so that the relativespeed Vz goes to the “minus” direction. Therefore, the relative speed Vzforming the basis of such control requires precise calculation and,usually, for eliminating the influence of the noise, measurement errorand others, an average relative speed Vzave is calculated on the basisof N relative speeds Vz calculated in time series, as expressed by theequation (3).Vzave=(Vz1+Vz2+ . . . +VzN)/N  (3)

This average relative speed Vzave is used as the relative speed Vz inthe inter-vehicle control. However, the inter-vehicle control using theaverage relative speed Vzave causes the shifting from the actualrelative speed, which leads to the degradation of the responseperformance in the inter-vehicle control.

For this reason, in this embodiment, as mentioned above, a decision onthe recognition stability of a target model forming a preceding vehicleis made through the use of the highest light-reception intensity of thereflected light. Moreover, when it is considered that the recognitionstability shows a high value to improve the accuracy of the measurementdata, the average relative speed Vzave is calculated in a state wherethe degree of influence of the latest relative speed Vz1 is increased,which can bring the average relative speed Vzave close to the latestrelative speed Vz1, thereby improving the response performance in theinter-vehicle control.

Concretely, on the basis of the aforesaid recognition stability decisionresult, the number of relative speeds Vz to be used in calculating theaverage relative speed Vzave is set into four stages. That is, in thecase of the stability 0, the average relative speed Vzave is calculatedon the basis of the most relative speeds Vz, and the number N ofrelative speeds Vz is decreased as the recognition stability increases.

In this connection, it is also appropriate that, as expressed by theequation (4), the average relative speed Vzave is obtained throughweighting-averaging calculation and the weight α is increased as therecognition stability increases. This also can enhance the influence ofthe latest relative speed Vz1 with respect to the average relative speedVzave.Vzave(N)=Vzave(N−1)×(1−α)+Vz1×α  (4)

In addition to the recognition stability, the data on the target model,including the aforesaid vehicle shape probability and one's-laneprobability, are outputted from the object recognition block 43 (seeFIG. 1) to the preceding vehicle decision block 53. In the precedingvehicle decision block 53, of the target models whose vehicle shapeprobability exceeds a predetermined threshold (for example 50%) andwhose one's-lane probability exceeds a predetermined threshold (forexample, 50%), the target model having the minimum distance Z is decidedto be a preceding vehicle. Moreover, the average relative speed Vzave tothe preceding vehicle is calculated while changing the average relativespeed Vzave calculation method in accordance with the recognitionstability of the target model corresponding to the preceding vehicle.Together with the distance Z to the preceding vehicle, the calculatedaverage relative speed Vzave is outputted as a relative speed Vz to theinter-vehicle control/alarm decision unit 55. Therefore, theinter-vehicle control/alarm decision unit 55 can implement theinter-vehicle control processing and the alarm decision processing onthe basis of the distance Z to the preceding vehicle and the relativespeed Vz.

Second Embodiment

Referring to FIG. 5, a description will be given hereinbelow ofprocessing on object recognition to be implemented in the objectrecognition block 43 of the recognition/inter-vehicle control ECU 3according to a second embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 5 is aflow chart showing main processing for the object recognition accordingto the second embodiment of the present invention.

In FIG. 5, a step S210 is executed to read the measurement data for eachscanning line from the laser radar sensor 5. In the laser radar sensor5, the measurement cycle for three scanning lines is 100 msec.

A step S220 follows to delete the data showing a low light-receptionintensity. That is, the measurement data includes a pulse width of astop pulse PB representative of the light-reception intensity of areflected wave, and the pulse width thereof is compared with a deletionreference value to remove the measurement data showing a pulse widthbelow a predetermined value. In addition, in the step S220, according tothe pulse width of the stop pulse PB, the measurement data areclassified into a high-light-reception-intensity group, anintermediate-light-reception-intensity group and alow-light-reception-intensity group. Concretely, three kinds ofreference values to be compared with the pulse width are prepared, andthe measurement data showing pulse widths exceeding the first referencevalue which is the highest of the reference values are classified as thehigh-light-reception-intensity group. Moreover, the measurement datapertaining to a pulse width range between the first reference value anda second reference value smaller than the first reference value isclassified as the intermediate-light-reception-intensity group, and themeasurement data falling within a range between the second referencevalue and a third reference value (<second reference value) isclassified as the low-light-reception-intensity group. This thirdreference value corresponds to the above-mentioned deletion referencevalue, and the measurement data on the pulse widths below the thirdreference value are deleted.

In a step S230, presegmentation processing is conducted with respect tothe measurement data, then followed by a step S240 to implementdefinitive (normal) segmentation processing on the measurement dataundergoing the presegmentation processing. A detailed description willbe given hereinbelow of the presegmentation processing and thedefinitive segmentation processing. The presegmentation processingcorresponds to the first unification means in the present invention, andthe definitive segmentation processing corresponds to the secondunification means therein.

FIG. 6 is an illustration of flows of the presegmentation processing andthe definitive segmentation processing and for explaining the outlinesthereof. First, a decision will be given of the flows of thepresegmentation processing and the definitive segmentation processing.As shown in FIG. 6, the presegmentation processing is conducted withrespect to the measurement data on the first scanning line. That is, themeasurement data satisfying a predetermined presegmentation condition(unification condition) are collected to produce a presegment.Subsequently, the definitive segmentation processing is conducted on thefirst scanning line measurement data presegmentized. In this definitivesegmentation processing, when the presegments formed through thepresegmentation processing satisfy a predetermined definitivesegmentation condition (unification condition), they are connected toform a definitive segment. The presegmentation condition and thedefinitive segmentation condition will be described afterward.

Following this, the presegmentation processing and the definitivesegmentation processing are conducted with respect to the secondscanning line measurement data and, lastly, these processing areimplemented on the third scanning line measurement data. In this way,the presegmentation processing and the definitive segmentationprocessing are successively conducted for each scanning line.

Secondly, referring to FIGS. 7A and 7B, a detailed description will begiven hereinbelow of the presegmentation processing, particularly, thepresegmentation condition. FIG. 7A shows the measurement data convertedinto the X-Z orthogonal coordinates, while FIG. 7B shows datapresegmentized.

As FIG. 7A shows, when the first scanning line measurement data areconverted into the X-Z orthogonal coordinates, each of the measurementdata indicates a reflecting object, existing in a forward direction ofthe vehicle, in the form of a point. When these point data indicative ofthe reflecting objects in the form of points meet the following threeconditions (presegmentation conditions), these point data are unified toproduce a presegment.

1) The difference ΔZ in distance in the Z-axis direction is below apredetermined distance.

2) The difference ΔX in distance in the X-axis direction is below apredetermined distance.

3) The light-reception intensities are classified as the same group.

Of the aforesaid conditions 1) to 3), the conditions 1) and 2) arefundamental conditions for the unification of a plurality of point data.That is, when the laser beams are reflected on the same reflectingobject, particularly, the same preceding vehicle, the measurement dataacquired from the reflected light thereof shows substantially the samedistance in the Z-axis direction and reside within a distance rangecorresponding to the width of the vehicle.

However, a predetermined distance to be compared with the aforesaiddistance difference ΔZ in the Z-axis direction is changed to becomelonger as the distance Z to the reflecting object becomes longer. Forexample, in a distance range up to a distance of 70 m from thereflecting object, the predetermined distance is set at 1.5 m, and in adistance range exceeding 70 m, the predetermined distance is set at 2.0m. This is because the measurement accuracy at that distance tends tolower as the distance to the reflecting object prolongs.

Moreover, a predetermined distance to be compared with the distancedifference ΔX in the X-axis direction is also changed to be longer asthe distance Z to the reflecting object becomes longer. For example, ina distance range up to a distance of 10 m from the reflecting object,the predetermined distance is set at approximately 2 cm, and isgradually increased up to approximately 20 cm. In a case in which aplurality of laser beams are emitted throughout a predetermined angularrange from the laser radar sensor 5, if a reflecting object lies at ashort distance from the one's vehicle, more laser beams are reflected bythe reflecting object and the interval between the laser beams at thearrival at the reflecting object becomes shorter. On the other hand, theinterval between the laser beams prolongs with a longer distance Z tothe reflecting object. Therefore, from the viewpoint of the resolutionof the laser beams, as mentioned above, the X-axis direction distancecondition of the presegmentation conditions is relaxed as the distance Zto the reflecting object prolongs.

In this connection, with respect to the distance in the X-axisdirection, it is possible that, after the measurement data are convertedinto the X-Z orthogonal coordinates, the X-axis difference ΔX indistance between the point data is compared with the predetermineddistance, and it is also appropriate that, on the basis of the number oflaser beams residing between the laser beams corresponding to themeasurement data forming the object of unification decision, a decisionis indirectly made on the distance difference ΔX in the X-axisdirection. That is, a decision indicating the satisfaction of thedistance condition in the X-axis direction is made when the number oflaser beams intervening between two laser beams is smaller than apredetermined number. This can lessen the calculation processing loadfor the decision on the X-axis distance condition.

In addition, when the decision on the X-axis distance condition is madeon the basis of the number of laser beams intervening between two laserbeams, the number of laser beams to be used for the unification decisionis decreased as the distance Z to the reflecting object becomes longer.This is because the interval between the laser beams in the X-axisdirection becomes longer with a longer distance Z to the reflectingobject.

In this embodiment, in addition to the aforesaid conditions 1) and 2), adecision is made with respect to the condition on the light-receptionintensity of each measurement data. That is, for collecting themeasurement data showing a small difference in light-reception intensityto produce a presegment, that the light-reception intensities areclassified as the same group (high-light-reception-intensity group,intermediate-light-reception-intensity group,low-light-reception-intensity group) is employed as one presegmentationcondition.

A principal object of recognition in the vehicle object recognitionapparatus is a preceding vehicle in front of the one's vehicle, and thepreceding vehicle has reflectors symmetrically mounted on its rearsurface in the right and left direction. The reflectors have areflection intensity higher than that of a body of the vehicle.Therefore, the reflected waves from the reflectors do not becomeunstable unlike the reflected waves from the vehicle body portions, andthe stable reception by the radar means becomes feasible.

Furthermore, since the measurement data whose light-receptionintensities are classified as the same group are collected to produce apresegment, a portion (for example, vehicle body portion) showing a lowreflection intensity and a portion (for example, reflector) showing ahigh reflection intensity are distinguishable from each other. Inconsequence, in producing a definitive segment by unifying thepresegments, the calculation of the distance or shape of the definitivesegment can be made with reference to the presegments showing a highreflected light intensity, which enables the correct acquisition of thedistance, shape and the like of the definitive segment.

In addition, in the presegmentation processing, for eliminating theinfluence of noise such as extraneous light, when any one of thefollowing two conditions 4) and 5) comes into existence, thecorresponding measurement data is not handled as a presegment.

4) In a case in which the distance to a reflecting object is below apredetermined distance (for example, 100 m), the measurement data is notunified with other measurement data, that is, the reflected light issingly obtained with only one laser beam.

In the aforesaid predetermined distance range, a vehicle forming anobject of recognition has a size to receive (strike) a plurality oflaser beams and, usually, there is no possibility that only one laserbeam exists independently in a state separated by over a predetermineddistance organizing the aforesaid conditions 1) and 2) or that only onelaser beam provides a light-reception intensity different from the otherreflected lights. Therefore, when the measurement data is not unifiedwith the other measurement data, it can be considered that the reflectedlight stems from noise occurring for some reason. Accordingly, themeasurement data considered as noise is not handled individually as apresegment.

5) The number of measurement data to be unified is below a predeterminednumber (for example, two) and the light-reception intensities thereofare classified as the low-light-reception-intensity group.

Also in a case in which the reflected light intensity is low and thenumber of measurement data to be unified is below a predetermined number(including zero), the reflected light can be considered to be noiseoccurring for some reason.

When the measurement data shown in FIG. 7A are presegmentized accordingto the above-mentioned presegmentation conditions, five presegments areproduced as shown in FIG. 7B. Moreover, with respect to each of thesegments, the positions (X, Z) of the measurement data are averaged toobtain a central position Xc, Zc), and the width W and depth D thereofare obtained on the basis of the minimum value and the maximum value ofthe positions (X, Z) of the measurement data.

Referring again to FIG. 5, in the step S230, the definitive segmentationprocessing is conducted and, when the presegments produced from themeasurement data obtained through one scanning line satisfy thedefinitive segmentation condition, they are unified into a definitivesegment. Incidentally, the presegment which is not unified with otherpresegments directly becomes a definitive segment.

This definitive segmentation condition is that each of the differencesin central position (Xc, Zc) among the presegments is below aunification decision distance (ΔX, ΔZ). This unification decisiondistance (ΔX, ΔZ) is changed according to the distance Z to thepresegment. For example, in a distance range in which the distance z isshorter than 35 m, the difference ΔX in the X-axis direction is set tobe below 15 cm and the difference ΔZ in the Z-axis direction is set tobe below 1.5 m. Moreover, in a distance range in which the distance Z isfrom 35 m to 70 m, ΔX is below 20 cm and ΔZ is below 1.5 m. Stillmoreover, in a distance range above 70 m, ΔX is below 25 cm and ΔZ isbelow 2 m. The reason that the unification decision distance (ΔX, ΔZ) ischanged according to the distance Z to the presegement is that themeasurement accuracy and resolution of the laser beams are taken intoconsideration.

Thus, as shown in FIG. 8, areas based on the unification decisiondistances (ΔX, ΔZ) are set according to the distances Z to presegmentsPS1, PS2 and PS3 in the X-axis and Z-axis directions. For example, whenthe central position (Xc, Zc) of the presegment PS2 falls within thearea set in conjunction with the presegment PS1, the presegments PS1 andPS2 are unified to form a definitive segment. Since the presegment PS3is out of the area, the presegment PS3 is not unified with thepresegments PS1 and PS2, but becoming a definitive segmentindependently.

However, in the definitive segmentation processing, for correctlyseizing the distance to an object recognized as a definitive segment andthe shape thereof, when a plurality of presegments are unified to form adefinitive segment, the calculations of the distance to the definitivesegment and the width thereof are made as follows.

First, the presegments for the calculation of the distance Z to thedefinitive segment are extracted on the basis of light-receptionintensity. Concretely, the presegments whose light-reception intensityexceeds an intermediate value are extracted. However, in a case in whichthe presegment whose light-reception intensity exceeds an intermediatevalue is one in number and the number of measurement data constitutingthat presegment is one, the presegments whose light-reception intensityis low are also extracted. This is because one measurement data makes itdifficult to calculate the depth and others of the definitive segment.Moreover, also in a case in which there is no presegement whoselight-reception intensity exceeds an intermediate value, the presegmentswhose light-reception intensity is low are also extracted.

The distance Z to the definitive segment, and others, are calculated onthe basis of the presegments extracted in this way. Concretely, thedistance Z to the definitive segment is calculated as an average valueof the distances Z to the extracted presegments. Moreover, of thedistances Z to the extracted presegments, the minimum distance Zmin andthe maximum distance Zmax are obtained to calculate the depth D of thedefinitive segment on the basis of the difference between the minimumdistance Zmin and the maximum distance Zmax. The minimum distance Zminand the maximum distance Zmax are obtained from the minimum value andthe maximum value of the measurement data organizing the extractedpresegments.

In this way, in principle, the presegments having the light-receptionintensities exceeding the intermediate value are extracted to obtain thedistance Z to the definitive segment and others through the use of theextracted presegments, thereby enhancing the distance accuracy. That is,the reflected light having a high intensity is stably receivable by thelaser radar sensor 5, and the accuracy of the distance to a reflectingobject calculated on the basis of a light-reception signal based on suchreflected light is extremely high. Therefore, when the distance Z andothers are calculated on the basis of only the presegments whoselight-reception intensity exceeds an intermediate value, the distance Zto the definitive segment, and others, are attainable with highaccuracy.

Furthermore, a description will be given hereinbelow of a method ofcalculating the width W of a definitive segment. First, the width W ofthe definitive segment is calculated through the use of all thepresegments. That is, the width W is calculated on the basis of thepositions of the measurement data lying at the rightmost and leftmostportions in all the presegments. When the calculated width W is smallerthan the maximum value W0 (for example, 2.7 m when errors are taken intoconsideration) of the widths the vehicles have usually, the calculatedwidth W is directly taken as a width W.

However, if the calculated width exceeds the maximum value W0 and adefinitive segment is made through the use of a plurality of presegmentsdifferent in light-reception intensity from each other, the width of thedefinitive segment is calculated on the basis of the presegments exceptthe presegments showing a low light-reception intensity. The possibilitythat an object having a width considerably exceeding the width of avehicle exists in an existence area of a vehicle forming an object ofrecognition is extremely low. Therefore, in this case, it is presumablethat the presegments having a low light-reception intensity originatefrom noise or the like and, hence, the width W is calculated with theexclusion of these presegments.

However, as a result of excluding the presegments having a lowlight-reception intensity, if the width W becomes too small (forexample, shorter than 1 m), the presegement exclusion does not takeplace. Likewise, even in a case in which the width W exceeds the maximumvalue W0, if all the light-reception intensities of the presegments arethe same, the deletion of the presegments is not done. Moreover, afterthe calculation of the width W of the definitive segment, the centralposition of the definitive segment on the X axis is calculated on thebasis of the calculated width W.

When the definitive segments are formed for each scanning line in thisway, the targeting processing is subsequently conducted in a step S250of FIG. 5. In this targeting processing, as shown in FIG. 9, a decisionis made as to whether or not to unify the definitive segments on eachscanning line. The definitive segments undergoing the unificationdecision are connected to produce a unitary target model.

Referring to FIG. 10 and a flow chart of FIG. 11, a description will begiven hereinbelow of the targeting processing. In the targetingprocessing, in FIG. 11, a step S310 is executed to calculate anestimated position of each of definitive segments. That is, as shown inFIG. 10, assuming that the definitive segment moves from the position ofthe last processing at a relative speed of the last processing, anestimated position at which the definitive segment will exist iscalculated. Subsequently, in a step S320, an estimated moving rangehaving a predetermined length in each of the X-axis and Z-axisdirections is set around the estimated position. Moreover, in a stepS330 are selected the definitive segments at least partially included inthe estimated moving range. The calculation of the position of thedefinitive segment with respect to the estimated moving range is madethrough the use of the minimum distance Zmin, the maximum distance Zmax,and the rightmost position and leftmost position of the corrected widthW.

In a step S340, if a plurality of definitive segments are selected inthe step S330, a decision is made as to whether or not the differences(ΔVx, ΔVz) in relative speed between the definitive segments in theX-axis and Z-axis directions fall below predetermined speed differences(ΔVx0, ΔVz0), respectively. Moreover, in a step S350, if the decision inthe step S340 shows that the relative speed differences (ΔVx, ΔVz) fallbelow the predetermined speed differences (ΔVx0, ΔVz0), the plurality ofdefinitive segments are regarded as unitary one and are unified toproduce a target model. That is, the width Wm and the depth Dm areobtained on the basis of the X-axis and Z-axis minimum and maximumvalues of the measurement data pertaining to the plurality of definitivesegments, and the distances to the definitive segments are averaged toobtain the distance Zm to the target model. Incidentally, the aforesaidpredetermined speed differences (ΔVx0, ΔVz0) can be a constant value, orcan be changed to increase as the traveling speed of the one's vehicleincreases.

On the other hand, if the definitive segment included in the estimatedmoving range is one in number, this definitive segment is simplyprocessed as a target model.

In addition, when the definitive segment corresponding to the definitivesegment obtained the last time is specified, the data updatingprocessing on the definitive segment is conducted for the nextcalculation of the estimated position and the like. Among the data to beupdated, there are the central coordinates (Xc, Zc), width W, depth Dand the X-axis and Z-axis relative speeds (Vx, Vz) of each definitivesegment, the plural-times data on the central coordinates (Xc, Zc) inthe past, and others. The definitive segment which does not pertain toany estimated range is registered as a new definitive segment.

As described above, with the targeting processing according to thisembodiment, the differences in relative speed between the definitivesegments in the X-axis and Z-axis directions are employed in making adecision as to whether or not the definitive segments obtained for eachscanning line pertain to the same object. Accordingly, even in a case inwhich a moving object such as a preceding vehicle and a stationaryobject such as a signboard accidentally come close to each other, oreven if preceding vehicles approach each other, they can certainly bedistinguishable and recognizable as different objects.

Third Embodiment

A distance measurement apparatus according to a third embodiment of thepresent invention is also applicable to a vehicle control apparatusshown in FIG. 1.

First of all, referring to FIG. 12, a description will be givenhereinbelow of a laser radar sensor 5 of a distance measurementapparatus according to the third embodiment of the present invention. InFIG. 12, the parts corresponding to those in FIG. 2A are marked with thesame reference numerals.

In this embodiment, the laser sensor 5 successively performs thescanning within an area of approximately 7.8 degree in each of right andleft-side directions with respect to a center axis of a vehicle towardthe forward direction of the vehicle. Concretely, the scanning is madefrom the left-side direction to the right-side direction, and 105transmission laser beams whose horizontal beam numbers are 0 to 104 areemitted at an interval of 0.15 degree. That is, the horizontal beamnumber 0 corresponds to −7.8 degree and the horizontal beam number 104corresponds to +7.8 degree. Since these laser beams are emitted througha glass place 77, if water drops attach onto the glass plate 77 at, forexample, a rain, the laser beams can scatter.

On the other hand, the light-receiving unit includes a light-receivinglens 81 for receiving a laser beam reflected by an object (not shown)and a light-receiving element 83 for outputting a voltage correspondingto the intensity (strength) of the received light. The output voltage ofthe light-receiving element 83 is inputted to an amplifier 85 which inturn, amplifies this inputted voltage at a predetermined magnificationand outputs it to comparators 87 and 88. This amplifier 85 cannotamplify the voltage at the predetermined magnification in the case ofthe reception of light with a high light-reception intensity, that is,it can fall into a saturated condition.

The comparator 87 compares the output voltage (V) of the amplifier 85with a preset reference voltage (V0) and outputs a predeterminedreception signal to a time measuring circuit 89 when the output voltage(V) agrees with the reference voltage (V0). This reference voltage (V0)is set in order to avoid the influence of noise components, and it willbe referred to hereinafter as a “lower threshold (V0)”. The comparator88 compares the output voltage (V) of the amplifier 85 with a presetreference voltage (V1) and outputs a predetermined reception signal tothe time measuring circuit 89 when the output voltage (V) agrees withthe reference voltage (V1). For example, this reference voltage (V1) isset on the basis of a voltage level to be normally outputted when thereflection occurs by a reflector or the like mounted on a rear portionof a vehicle, and it will be referred to hereinafter as an upperthreshold (V1).

The time measuring circuit 89 includes a V1 time measuring unit 90 formeasuring the start time and end time of a light length for which theoutput voltage (V) exceeds the upper threshold (V1) and a V0 timemeasuring unit 91 for measuring the start time and end time of a timewidth for which the output voltage (V) exceeds the lower threshold (V0).In the time measuring circuit 89, for example, when an output voltage isinputted as shown in FIG. 21A, the V0 time measuring unit 91 measurestwo times (t1 and t2). Moreover, if an output voltage exceeding theupper threshold (V1) is inputted as shown in FIG. 21B, the V0 timemeasuring unit 91 measures two times (t1 and t2) and the V1 timemeasuring unit 90 measures two times (t3 and t4). That is, the timemeasuring circuit 89 measures a maximum of four times (t1, t2, t3 andt4).

In this embodiment, each of the V1 time measuring unit 90 and the V0time measuring unit 91 measures the start time and the end time when theoutput voltage (V) first exceeds the upper threshold (V1) or the lowerthreshold (V0). Accordingly, in a case in which a plurality of reflectedwaves (L1, L2) are detected in conjunction with the emission of onelaser beam, the V1 time measuring unit 90 measures the times (t3 and t4)on the basis of the reflected wave (L2) and the V0 time measuring unit91 measures the times (t1 and t2) on the basis of the reflected wave(L1) but not measuring the times (t12 and t22) from the reflected wave(L2).

This is because, even if the V0 time measuring unit 91 can measure thetimes (t12 and t22) on the basis of the reflected wave (L2), it isimpossible to specify which of the reflected waves (L1 and L2) the V1time measuring unit 90 measures the times (t3 and t4) from. That is, forexample, although the specification of the reflected wave becomesfeasible in a manner such that the timings of the measurement by the V1time measuring unit 90 and the V0 time measuring unit 91 aresynchronized with each other, a time period longer than the processingtime needed for the time measurement on the output voltage is requiredfor transmitting the synchronizing signal, and in the configurationaccording to this embodiment, the synchronization is actuallyimpossible.

Accordingly, in a case in which a plurality of reflected waves aredetected in conjunction with one laser beam, a reflected wave (L3),which is not to be received in principle, is detected as shown in FIG.21D.

Moreover, a drive signal to be outputted from a laser radar CPU 70 to alaser diode drive circuit 76 is also inputted to the time measuringcircuit 89, and the time (ts) of the input of this drive signal and amaximum of four times t1 to t4) are encoded into binary digital signalsand inputted to the laser radar CPU 70. The coded data will be referredto as “time data”.

The laser radar CPU 70 obtains a distance (distance data) from areflecting object on the basis of the time data comprising the inputtime (ts) and the maximum of four times (t1 to t4), and outputs themeasurement data including this distance data, a rotation angle (scanangle) of the polygon mirror 73 and a light-reception intensity (Δt),which will be mentioned later, to the recognition/inter-vehicle controlECU 3. In this connection, the laser radar CPU 70 depends upon thefollowing principle for obtaining the distance data and thelight-reception intensity.

FIG. 19 is an illustration of received waveforms for explaining theprocessing to be conducted for the calculation of the distance data. InFIG. 19, a curve L1 depicts a received waveform in the case of thereception of a reflected wave with a high light-reception intensity anda curve L2 denotes a received waveform for the reception of a reflectedwave with a low light-reception intensity. FIG. 20 shows the associationbetween a time width (time length) corresponding to a light-receptionintensity and a correction time.

In FIG. 19, the time at which the curve L1 intersects with the lowerthreshold (V0) set by the comparator 87 in its rising state is taken ast11, the time at which the curve L1 intersects with the lower threshold(V0) in its falling state is taken as t12, and the time differencebetween the time t11 and the time t12 is taken as Δt1. Moreover, thetime at which the curve L2 intersects with the lower threshold (V0) inits rising process is taken as t21, the time at which the curve L2intersects with the lower threshold (V0) in its falling process is takenas t22, and the time difference between the time t21 and the time t22 istaken as Δt2.

In addition, the time at which the curve L1 intersects with the upperthreshold (V1) set by the comparator 88 in its rising state is taken ast13, the time at which the curve L1 intersects with the upper threshold(V1) in its falling state is taken as t14, and the time differencebetween the time t13 and the time t14 is taken as Δt3.

As obvious from FIG. 19, when the time difference Δt1 corresponding to areflected wave with a high light-reception intensity is compared withthe time difference Δt2 corresponding to a reflected wave with a lowlight-reception intensity, the relationship of Δt1>Δt2 comes intoexistence. That is, the degrees of the time differences (Δt1, Δt2)determined in accordance with the times (t11, t12, t21, t22) at whichthe received waveforms intersect with the lower threshold (V0)correspond to the light-reception intensities, and the aforesaid timedifference becomes small (Δt2) when the light-reception intensity islow, while the time difference becomes large (Δt1) when thelight-reception intensity is high. Therefore, these time differences(Δt1, Δt2) act as an index (barometer) characterizing thelight-reception intensity of the received waveform.

Still additionally, an intermediate time between the time t11 and thetime t12 is taken as tc2, an intermediate time between the time t21 andthe time t22 is taken as tc1, the time at which the curves L1 and L2reach a maximum voltage is taken as tp, the time difference between theintermediate time tc2 and the time tp at which they reach the maximumvoltage is taken as Δα1, and the time difference between theintermediate time tc1 and the time tp is taken as Δα2. The timedifferences between the intermediate times (tc2, tc1) and the time tp atwhich they reach the maximum voltage are referred to as “correctiontimes (Δα1, Δα2)”.

Thus, a predetermined association (corresponding relationship) liesbetween time widths (Δt1, Δt2) corresponding to the aforesaidlight-reception intensities and the correction times (Δα1, Δα2). Thatis, as shown in FIG. 20, the correction time tends to increasemonotonically as the time width corresponding to the light-receptionintensity increases. Therefore, after the association shown in thisillustration is acquired in advance through experiments or the like, acorrection time is obtained on the basis of a time width correspondingto a light-reception intensity and the intermediate times (tc2, tc1) arecorrected into the time tp of the arrival at the maximum voltage on thebasis of the obtained correction time so that a distance to an object ismeasured on the basis of the time difference between the time (ts) ofthe emission from the laser diode 75 and the time (tp) of the arrival atthe maximum voltage.

Thus, the measurement error stemming from the difference of thelight-reception intensity of a reflected wave is corrected by thecorrection time and the distance to the object is measured as a timedifference up to the same time tp. The relationship between the timewidth corresponding to a light-reception intensity and a correction timecan be stored in a ROM or the like in the form of a map.

In this connection, in the case of a reflected wave with a highlight-reception intensity such as the curve L1, it can intersect withthe upper threshold V1. In this case, a time width Δt11 (not shown)between the times t13 and t14 of the intersection with the upperthreshold V1 and an intermediate time tc22 (not shown) thereof areobtained and a correction time is obtained from a previously preparedmap representative of the relationship between a time width and acorrection time. Moreover, the intermediate time tc22 is corrected and adistance to the object is measured on the basis of a time differencewith respect to the time of the arrival at the maximum voltage.

The recognition/inter-vehicle control ECU 3 thus arranged uses themeasurement data from the laser radar sensor 5 to recognize an object onthe basis of the measurement data, the light-reception intensity (Δt) ofwhich satisfies a predetermined condition, and the scan angle, andoutputs drive signals to the brake driver 19, the throttle driver 21 andthe automatic transmission controller 23 in accordance with thesituation of the preceding vehicle acquired from the object recognitionfor controlling the vehicle speed, thus implementing the so-calledinter-vehicle control. Moreover, the alarm decision processing issimultaneously made to issue an alarm, for example, in a case in whichthe recognized object exists in a predetermined alarm zone for apredetermined time period. In this case, the object is a precedingvehicle running or vehicle stopping in front of the one's vehicle, aguard rail or column residing at roadsides, or the like.

Secondly, a description will be given hereinbelow of an operation forthe calculation of the measurement data and the object recognition to beimplemented in the laser radar CPU 70 (see FIG. 12) and the objectrecognition block 43 (see FIG. 1). FIG. 13 is a main flow chart showingthe entire recognition processing.

In FIG. 13, in a step S410, the laser radar sensor 5 reads the time datacorresponding to one scan from the time measuring circuit 89. In thelaser radar sensor 5, the scanning cycle is 0.1 second, and the data isread at a time interval of 0.1 second.

A step S420 follows to implement the decision processing (data decisionprocessing) on whether or not a distance to an object is obtained fromthe time data, then followed by a step S430 to segment the data. Thedistance data and the scan angle are converted from the pole coordinatesystem into the X-Z orthogonal coordinate system, and the converted dataare grouped to form segments. In this embodiment, each of the objects isrecognized as a point, and when two conditions come into existence, thatis, if the distance between the data recognized as the points in theX-axis direction is below 0.2 m and the distance therebetween in theZ-axis direction is below 2 m, the point sets are unified to obtain thesegment data. The segment data forms a rectangular area having two edgesparallel to the X axis and the Z axis and having a size set to includethe unified point sets, with the data contents being the centralcoordinates (X, Z) and two-edge data (W, D) indicative of the size.

A step S440 is then implemented to conduct the targeting processing fortargeting each of the objects of recognition such as a vehicle. As thecontents of the targeting, the central position (X, Z) and size (W, D)of the object are obtained on the basis of the segment data obtained inthe step S430, and the relative speeds (Vx, Vz) of the obstacle such asa preceding vehicle with respect to the position of the one's vehicleare obtained on the basis of the time variation of the central position(X, Z). Moreover, the assortment recognition as to whether the object isa stopping object or a moving object is conducted and an object exertingthe influence on the traveling of the one's vehicle is selected on thebasis of the recognized assortment and the central position of theobject, and the distance to the object is displayed on the distanceindicator 15. A target model having such data is outputted from theobject recognition block 43 to the preceding vehicle decision block 53(see FIG. 1)

Referring to flow charts of FIGS. 14 to 17, a description will be givenhereinbelow of the data decision processing forming a feature portion ofthis embodiment.

In FIG. 14, in a step S510, a decision is made as to whether or not thedata on the times (t3, t4) which agree with the upper threshold (V1)exist in the time data. That is, a decision is made as to whether or notthe detected reflected wave exceeds the upper threshold (V1). If boththe data on the times (t3, t4) exist, the operational flow advances to astep S520, and if the data on the times (t3, t4) do not exist, theoperational flow goes to a step S600 which will be mentioned later.

In the step S520, a decision is made on the relationship in magnitudebetween the time (t3) and the time (t4). If the time (t4) shows a valuelarger than that of the time (t3), the operational flow advances to astep S530. Otherwise, the operational flow proceeds to a step S540 toexecute the abnormal data processing. In this abnormal data processing,as shown in a flow chart of FIG. 17, in a step S800, when themeasurement data shows an abnormal value or when the measurement data isnot obtained, no data (null) is substituted for the distance value (DT).In a step S810, when light-reception pulse width data which will bementioned later is not obtained, the no data (null) is substituted forthe variables (WH, WL) of the light-reception pulse width data.

In the step S530, a light-reception pulse width (WH) is calculated onthe basis of the times (t3, t4) agreeing with the upper threshold (V1),thereby calculating the time width (time length) for which the reflectedwave exceeds the upper threshold (V1). A step S550 follows to conductthe correction processing on the light-reception pulse width. Thiscorrection processing will be described hereinbelow with reference to aflow chart of FIG. 16.

In FIG. 16, in a step S700, a light-reception pulse width (WL) iscalculated on the basis of the times (t1, t2) agreeing the lowerthreshold (V0). This light-reception pulse width (WL) becomes datacorresponding to the light-reception intensity (Δt). In a step S710, adecision is made on the relationship in magnitude between thelight-reception pulse width (WL) and a predetermined pulse width. If thelight-reception pulse width (WL) is less than the predetermined pulsewidth, a step S720 follows to substitute the predetermined pulse widthfor the light-reception pulse width (WL).

On the other hand, if the decision in the step S710 shows that thelight-reception pulse width (WL) exceeds the predetermined pulse width,the operational flow goes to a step S560 for calculating the finaldistance value (DT). Thus, the distance to a reflecting object can bedetected through the use of a reception signal satisfying thecorrelation between the light intensity of the reflected wave and thelight-reception pulse width (light-reception intensity).

In this case, the predetermined pulse width is set to be a time width,for which the output voltage exceeds the lower threshold (V0), whichnormally takes place when the output voltage exceeds the upper threshold(V1). That is, in a case in which, although the output voltage exceedsthe upper threshold (V1), the time width for which the output voltage(V) exceeds the lower threshold (V0) does not reach the predeterminedpulse width, it is considered that a plurality of reflected waves aredetected with respect to one laser beam emitted. Therefore, when thelight-reception pulse width (WL) is replaced with the predeterminedpulse width, it is possible to compensate for a peculiar detectionresult occurring due to the restriction imposed on the software.

In a step S560, the central time of the pulse width calculated from thelight-reception pulse width (WH) and the aforesaid correction processingis then conducted on the central time to obtain the time (tp) at whichit reaches the maximum voltage. Moreover, in a step S570, the distancevalue (DT) to the object is calculated on the basis of the timedifference between the time (ts) at which the laser diode 75 emits lightand the time (tp) at which the reflected wave reaches the maximumvoltage.

On the other hand, if the decision in the step S510 indicates “No”, thatis, when the data on the times (t3, t4) agreeing with the upperthreshold (V1) do not exist in the time data, the operational flowproceeds to the step S600 in FIG. 15.

In the step S600, a decision is made as to whether or not the data onthe times (t1, t2) coinciding with the lower threshold (V0) exist in thetime data. That is, a decision is made as to whether or not the detectedreflected wave exceeds the lower threshold (V0). If both the data on thetimes (t1, t2) exist therein, the operational flow goes to a step S610,and if the time (t1, t2) data do not exist therein (not exceeding theupper threshold), the operational flow proceeds to the step S540 for theabnormal data processing. When the lower threshold (V0) is set as avalue affected by the noise components in this way, it is possible toprevent the distance to the reflecting object from being detected on thebasis of a reception signal including much noise component.

In the step S610, a decision is made on the relation ship in magnitudebetween the time (t19 and the time (t2), and if the time (t2) takes avalue larger than that of the time (t1), the operational flow advancesto a step S620. Otherwise, the operational flow goes to the step S540for the abnormal data processing. In the step S620, a light-receptionpulse width (WL) is calculated on the basis of the times (t1, t2)coinciding with the lower threshold (V0), thereby calculating the timewidth for which it exceeds the lower threshold (V0).

In a step S630, a decision is made on the relationship in magnitudebetween the calculated light-reception pulse width (WL) and apredetermined pulse width. If the light-reception pulse width (WL) islarger than the predetermined pulse width, the operational flow advancesto the step 540 for the abnormal data processing. On the other hand, ifthe decision in the step S630 indicates that the light-reception pulsewidth (WL) does not reach the predetermined pulse width, the operationalflow advances to a step S640. In this case, the predetermined pulsewidth is a time width, for which the output voltage exceeds the lowerthreshold (V0), which normally takes place when the output voltageexceeds the upper threshold (V1).

That is, in a case in which, although the output voltage does not exceedthe upper threshold (V1), the light-reception pulse width (WL) is largerthan the predetermined pulse width, as mentioned above, it is consideredthat a reflected wave looking like two reflected waves overlap isdetected. Therefore, in this case, it is handled as abnormal data toprevent the distance to an object from being calculated on the basis ofa detection result on a reflected wave whose light-reception pulse widthexceeds the predetermined pulse width. This enables avoiding thedetection of the distance to the reflecting object on the basis of areception signal of a reflected wave apparently having a large timewidth due to the environmental influence such as spray of water or blacksmoke.

In a step S640, the central time of the pulse width is calculated on thebasis of the light-reception pulse width (WL) and the aforesaidcorrection processing is then conducted on the central time to obtainthe time (tp) of the arrival at the maximum voltage. Moreover, in a stepS650, the distance (DT) to the object is calculated on the basis of thetime difference from the time (ts) of the light emission from the laserdiode 75 to the central time (tp) of the arrival at the maximum voltage.

In addition, the measurement data including the distance value (DT) asthe distance data is sent from the laser radar sensor 5 to the objectrecognition block 43, and the object recognition block 43 conducts theobject recognition on the basis of this measurement data.

In this way, the vehicle control apparatus according to this embodimentmakes a decision as to whether or not the voltage value corresponding tothe amplitude of the detected reflected wave and the magnitude of thelight-reception pulse width satisfy a predetermined relationship and, ifthe predetermined relationship comes into existence, implements thedistance measurement. That is, for example, in the case of theemployment of an outputting means made to detect an optical wave andoutput a reception signal corresponding to the intensity of the opticalwave, when light with a high intensity is detected, the amplitude andwavelength of the reception signal become large, and when light with alow intensity is detected, the amplitude and wavelength of the receptionsignal becomes small.

Accordingly, when the distance to the reflecting object is detected onthe basis of the reception signal satisfying this relation of theamplitude and the wavelength, it is possible to more accurately make adecision as to whether or not the reception signal is to be used for thedistance measurement.

In this embodiment, although the laser radar sensor 5 using laser lightis employed, it is also possible to employ a device using millimetricwave, ultrasonic wave, or the like.

(First Modification)

In this embodiment, for the correcting the central time of thelight-reception pulse width into the time (tp) of the generation of themaximum voltage, although the correction is made on the basis of themagnitude of the light-reception pulse width as shown in FIG. 20, thecharacteristic shown in this illustration varies in a case in which thedistance value (DT) is a short distance below a predetermined distance.In particular, in the case of a reflected wave from a reflecting objectexisting at a short distance (for example, within 30 m), the errorbecomes large.

That is, the correction of the central time based on only the magnitudeof the light-reception pulse width encounters the limitation when thecorrection is made on the whole distance measuring area with highaccuracy. For example, when the distance to the reflecting object isshort as indicated by a line a in FIG. 22, in an area in which thelight-reception pulse width is short, the time difference (correctiontime) between the central time of the light-reception pulse width andthe time (tp) becomes smaller, as compared to the case (line b in theillustration) in which the distance to the reflecting object is long.Moreover, in an area in which the light-reception pulse width is long,the time difference between the central time of the light-receptionpulse width and the time (tp) tends to become large.

For this reason, in this modification, a decision is made as to whetheror not the distance value (DT) is smaller than a predetermined value,and if the distance value (DT) is below the predetermined value, thecorrection processing on the distance value (DT) is made through the useof a correction map comprising a light-reception pulse width and adistance.

A description thereof will be given hereinbelow with reference to a flowchart of FIG. 18 and the maps of FIGS. 24A and 24B. The followingprocessing is conducted after the step S570 in FIG. 14 or after the stepS650 in FIG. 15.

In FIG. 18, in a step S800, a decision is made as to whether or not thecalculated distance value (DT) is shorter than a predetermined distance.If the decision in the step S800 shows that the distance value (DT) isbelow than the predetermined distance, the operational flow advances toa step S810, and if the distance value (DT) exceeds the predetermineddistance, this processing terminates without making the correctionaccording to the map.

In the step S810, a decision is made as to whether or not the data onthe times (t3, t4) agreeing with the upper threshold (V) exist in thetime data. That is, a decision is made on whether or not the detectedreflected wave exceeds the upper threshold (V1). If both the data on thetimes (t3, t4) exist therein, the operational flow advances to a stepS820, and if the time (t3, t4) data do not exist therein (when thedetected reflected wave does not exceed the upper threshold), theoperational flow proceeds to a step S830.

In the step S820, a map for a distance value (DT) is extracted from thecorrection maps shown in FIG. 24A and each comprising a light-receptionpulse width (WH), corresponding to the time for which the reflected waveexceeds the upper threshold (V1), and a distance value (DT), and acorrection time corresponding to the light-reception pulse width (WH) isthen obtained from the extracted map.

In a step S830, a map for a distance value (DT) is extracted from thecorrection maps shown in FIG. 24B and each including a light-receptionpulse width (WL), corresponding to the time for which the reflected waveexceeds the lower threshold (V0), and a distance value (DT), and acorrection time corresponding to the light-reception pulse width (WL) isthen obtained from the extracted map.

moreover, in a step S840, the final distance value (DT) is obtained inconsideration of the correction time in addition to the light-receptionpulse width (WH) or (WL). Thus, when the distance value to the object issmaller than the predetermined value, the distance to the object iscorrected through the use of the correction map comprising a distancevalue (DT) and a light-reception pulse width, thereby enabling anaccurate detection of the distance with respect to the reflecting objectexisting at a short distance.

incidentally, although in this modification the maps shown in FIGS. 24Aand 24B are for obtaining a correction time on the basis of thelight-reception pulse (WH, WL), it is also appropriate that maps areprepared for obtaining a correction distance on the basis of thelight-reception pulse (WH, WL) through the use of the characteristicsshown in FIGS. 24A and 24B so that the correction is directly made onthe distance value (DT).

(Second Modification)

Although in this embodiment the time difference determined by two timesof the start time and the end time at which the reflected waveintersects with the lower threshold (V0) is employed as an indexcharacterizing the light-reception intensity, the present invention isnot limited to this. Since the correction exists between thelight-reception intensity and the magnitude of the amplitude of thereception signal as mentioned above, for example, it is also appropriatethat the maximum value of the amplitude of the reception signal isemployed as an index characterizing the light-reception intensity.Moreover, since a reception wave having a high light-reception intensityshows a characteristic in which the time from the reception of thereflected wave to the arrival at the lower threshold (V0) becomesshorter, as compared with a reflected wave with a low light-receptionintensity, it is also appropriate that the time from the wave receptionto the arrival at the lower threshold (V0) is employed as an indexcharacterizing the light-reception intensity. Still moreover, it is alsoappropriate that the time difference determined by two times of thestart time and the end time at which the reflected wave intersects withthe upper threshold (V1) is employed as an index characterizing thelight-reception intensity.

It should be understood that the present invention is not limited to theabove-described embodiments, and that it is intended to cover allchanges and modifications of the embodiments of the invention hereinwhich do not constitute departures from the spirit and scope of theinvention.

For example, although in the above-described first and secondembodiments the pulse width of the stop pulse PB is employed as anindex, it is also possible to use a different index. For example, a peakvalue detecting circuit is provided to detect a peak value of the stoppulse PB and this peak value is used as an index indicative of alight-reception intensity. Alternatively, the rising angle of the stoppulse PB, i.e., the time taken from when the rising of the stop pulsestarts until reaching a predetermined reference voltage is employed asan index representative of the light-reception intensity.

In addition, in the above-described first and second embodiments,although the polygon mirror 73 having different surface inclinationangles is used for carrying out the two-dimensional scanning with thelaser beam, it is also appropriate to use, for example, a galvano mirrorcapable of scanning in lateral directions of a vehicle and further touse a mechanism capable of varying the inclination angle of the mirrorsurface thereof. However, in the case of the polygon mirror 73, there isan advantage in that the two-dimensional scanning is realizable by onlythe rotational driving.

Still additionally, in the above-described first embodiment, althoughthe distance and the corresponding scan angles θx, θy are converted fromthe polar coordinates system into the X-Y-Z orthogonal coordinatessystem in the interior of the laser radar sensor 5, this processing canalso be conducted in the object recognition block 43.

Yet additionally, in the above-described first and second embodiments,although the laser radar sensor 5 uses laser beams, it is alsoacceptable to use a device using an electric wave such as a millimetricwave, an ultrasonic wave, or the like. Moreover, the present inventionis not limited to the scanning method, but a method capable of measuringbearing in addition to distances is also acceptable. For example, in thecase of the employment of an FMCW radar using a millimetric wave, aDoppler radar or the like, since the information on a distance from apreceding vehicle and information on a relative speed to the precedingvehicle are at once attainable on the basis of a reflected wave(received wave), unlike the case using a laser beam, there is no need toconduct the processing of calculating the relative speed on the basis ofthe distance information.

Furthermore, in the above-described second embodiment, although thedistance and the corresponding scan angle θx are converted from thepolar coordinates system into the X-Z orthogonal coordinates system inobject recognition block 43, this processing can also be conducted inthe laser radar sensor 5.

1. An object recognition apparatus for a vehicle comprising: radar meansfor transmitting a plurality of transmission waves throughout apredetermined angular range in each of vertical and horizontaldirections of said vehicle, receiving a plurality of waves from aplurality of reflecting objects in response to the transmission, anddetecting distances to the reflecting objects, angles of the reflectedwaves in the vertical and horizontal directions, and intensities of thereflected waves by using the reflected waves that have been received;decision means for i) determining that the plurality of reflectingobjects causing the plurality of reflected waves satisfy a predeterminedunity condition on the basis of the detected distances and ii) decidingthat the plurality of reflecting objects constitute a unitary reflectingobject when it is determined that the plurality of reflecting objectscausing the plurality of reflected waves satisfy the predetermined unitycondition; selection means for selecting the highest intensity among theintensities of the reflected waves from the reflecting objects decidedto be the unitary reflecting object by the decision means; andrecognition means for recognizing the reflecting objects on the basis ofthe distances and the angles and for enhancing a probability that thereflecting objects are recognized as a non-vehicle when the highestintensity selected by the selection means is lower than a predeterminedreference intensity.
 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein thepredetermined reference intensity for a long distance to the reflectingobject is set at a lower value than the predetermined referenceintensity for a short distance to the reflecting object.
 3. Theapparatus according to claim 1, further comprising shape calculationmeans for calculating a shape of the reflecting objects on the basis ofthe distances and the angles, wherein the recognition means enhances theprobability when the highest intensity is lower then the predeterminedreference intensity and the calculated shape of the reflecting objectsare different from a shape of a vehicle.
 4. The apparatus according toclaim 3, wherein, when a width of the calculated shape of the reflectingvehicles is shorter than a width of the shape of the vehicle, saidrecognition means is adapted to recognize that the shape of thereflecting object is different from the shape of the vehicle.
 5. Theapparatus according to claim 1, wherein the recognition means is adaptedto use the highest intensity of the reflected waves to conduct theenhancing when the distances are shorter than a predetermined shortdistance.
 6. A distance measurement apparatus comprising: outputtingmeans for emitting a transmission wave to around a vehicle to output areception signal corresponding to an intensity of a reflected wavethereof; decision means for making a decision as to whether or not anamplitude and a wavelength of the reception signal satisfy apredetermined relationship; and detection means for detecting a distanceto a reflecting object on the basis of the reception signal satisfyingthe predetermined relationship as a decision result in the decisionmeans, wherein the decision means includes: first amplitude decisionmeans for making a decision as to whether or not the amplitude of thereception signal exceeds a predetermined first predetermined value;second amplitude decision means for making a decision as to whether ornot the amplitude of the reception signal exceeds a second predeterminedvalue smaller than the first predetermined value; and time widthdecision means for making a decision on the relationship in magnitudebetween a time width for which the amplitude of the reception signalexceeds the second predetermined value and a preset reference timewidth, wherein the time width decision means decides whether or not themagnitude of the amplitude of the reception signal decided by the firstand second amplitude decision means and the length of the time widthdecided by the time width decision means satisfies the predeterminedrelationship.
 7. The apparatus according to claim 6, wherein thereference time width is set at a time width for which the amplitude ofthe reception signal exceeds the second predetermined value in a case inwhich the amplitude of the reception signal exceeds the firstpredetermined value and the reception signal is in a normal condition.8. The apparatus according to claim 6, wherein said decision means makesa decision that said predetermined relationship is not satisfied, whensaid first amplitude decision means makes a decision that the amplitudeof said reception signal does not exceed said first predetermined value,said second amplitude decision means makes a decision that the amplitudeof said reception signal exceeds said second predetermined value andsaid time width decision means makes a decision that the time widthexceeds said reference time width.
 9. The apparatus according to claim6, wherein, in a case in which said first amplitude decision means makesa decision that the amplitude of said reception signal exceeds saidfirst predetermined value and said time width decision means makes adecision that the time width does not reach said reference time width,said decision means replaces the time width with said reference timewidth and makes a decision indicative of the satisfaction of saidpredetermined relationship.
 10. The apparatus according to claim 6,wherein said detection means includes: a first intermediate timecorrection means for, when a decision result in said first amplitudedecision means shows that the amplitude of said reception signal exceedssaid first predetermined value, correcting an intermediate time of thetime width for which the amplitude of said reception signal exceeds saidfirst predetermined value so that said intermediate time agrees with atime at which the amplitude of said reception signal reaches a maximumvalue; and a second intermediate time correction means for, when adecision result in said second amplitude decision means shows that theamplitude of said reception signal exceeds said second predeterminedvalue and a decision result in said first amplitude decision means showsthat the amplitude of said reception signal does not exceed said firstpredetermined value, correcting an intermediate time of the time widthfor which the amplitude of said reception signal exceeds said secondpredetermined value so that said intermediate time agrees with a time atwhich the amplitude of said reception signal reaches a maximum value,wherein the distance to said reflecting object is detected by obtaininga time difference between the time of the emission of said transmissionwave and the corrected intermediate time.
 11. The apparatus according toclaim 10, further comprising correction quantity changing means for,when the distance to said reflecting object detected by said detectionmeans is below a predetermined distance, changing correction quantitiesin said first intermediate time correction means and said secondintermediate time correction means.